Table 2 Mixed-model results, including mean estimate under both treatments, the difference of treatments (melatonin minus placebo), effect size and significance level

 PSQI, global score

33

7.68 (6.34 to 9.02)

9.47 (8.13 to 10.81)

-1.79 (-2.70 to -0.88)

0.46

<0.0001

 Sleep latency, minimum^b

31

1.37 (1.26 to 1.48)

1.42 (1.31 to 1.53)

-0.05 (-0.14 to 0.03)

0.18

0.23

 Sleep efficiency^c

31

-3.22 (-3.61 to -2.82)

-3.54 (-3.94 to -3.13)

0.32 (0.01 to 0.63)

0.28

0.04

 ESS, score^d

33

2.36 (2.00 to 2.73)

2.53 (2.17 to 2.90)

-0.17 (-0.40 to 0.06)

0.17

0.15

 HADS anxiety, score

32

7.84 (6.23 to 9.45)

9.00 (7.39 to 10.61)

-1.15 (-1.97 to -0.34)

0.27

0.006

 HADS depression, score

32

8.53 (6.93 to 10.13)

8.34 (6.75 to 9.94)

0.18 (-0.70 to 1.07)

0.04

0.68

 FSS, score^c

33

-4.18 (-4.74 to -3.62)

-3.73 (-4.28 to -3.17)

-0.45 (-0.86 to -0.04)

0.29

0.03

 Physical functioning (PF), score

33

43.17 (39.15 to 47.20)

41.72 (37.69 to 45.75)

1.45 (-0.33 to 3.24)

0.13

0.11

vRole physical (RP), score

33

37.66 (33.61 to 41.70)

38.10 (34.06 to 42.15)

-0.44 (-3.38 to 2.49)

0.03

0.77

 Role-emotional (RE), score

33

37.58 (33.11 to 42.06)

36.85 (32.38 to 41.32)

0.73 (-3.38 to 4.84)

0.05

0.73

 Vitality (VT), score

33

42.43 (38.97 to 45.90)

38.76 (35.30 to 42.22)

3.67 (0.36 to 6.98)

0.35

0.03

 Mental health (MH), score

33

43.60 (40.00 to 47.24)

41.09 (37.45 to 44.73)

2.51 (0.58 to 4.42)

0.23

0.01

 Social functioning (SF), score

33

37.09 (33.05 to 41.13)

34.82 (30.78 to 38.86)

2.27 (-1.36 to 5.90)

0.19

0.22

 Bodily pain (BP), score

33

44.07 (39.85 to 48.30)

43.27 (39.05 to 47.50)

0.80 (-1.39 to 2.99)

0.06

0.48

 General health (GH), score

33

40.96 (36.95 to 44.97)

40.29 (36.28 to 44.30)

0.67 (-0.97 to 2.30)

0.06

0.42