|  | Adjusted mean (95% CI)a |  |  |  | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | No. of participants | Melatonin treatment | Placebo treatment | Treatment effect estimate (95% CI) | Effect sizee (d) | p value |
Primary outcomes | ||||||
 PSQI, global score | 33 | 7.68 (6.34 to 9.02) | 9.47 (8.13 to 10.81) | -1.79 (-2.70 to -0.88) | 0.46 | <0.0001 |
 Sleep latency, minimumb | 31 | 1.37 (1.26 to 1.48) | 1.42 (1.31 to 1.53) | -0.05 (-0.14 to 0.03) | 0.18 | 0.23 |
Secondary outcomes | ||||||
 Sleep efficiencyc | 31 | -3.22 (-3.61 to -2.82) | -3.54 (-3.94 to -3.13) | 0.32 (0.01 to 0.63) | 0.28 | 0.04 |
 ESS, scored | 33 | 2.36 (2.00 to 2.73) | 2.53 (2.17 to 2.90) | -0.17 (-0.40 to 0.06) | 0.17 | 0.15 |
 HADS anxiety, score | 32 | 7.84 (6.23 to 9.45) | 9.00 (7.39 to 10.61) | -1.15 (-1.97 to -0.34) | 0.27 | 0.006 |
 HADS depression, score | 32 | 8.53 (6.93 to 10.13) | 8.34 (6.75 to 9.94) | 0.18 (-0.70 to 1.07) | 0.04 | 0.68 |
 FSS, scorec | 33 | -4.18 (-4.74 to -3.62) | -3.73 (-4.28 to -3.17) | -0.45 (-0.86 to -0.04) | 0.29 | 0.03 |
SF-36 v1 | ||||||
 Physical functioning (PF), score | 33 | 43.17 (39.15 to 47.20) | 41.72 (37.69 to 45.75) | 1.45 (-0.33 to 3.24) | 0.13 | 0.11 |
vRole physical (RP), score | 33 | 37.66 (33.61 to 41.70) | 38.10 (34.06 to 42.15) | -0.44 (-3.38 to 2.49) | 0.03 | 0.77 |
 Role-emotional (RE), score | 33 | 37.58 (33.11 to 42.06) | 36.85 (32.38 to 41.32) | 0.73 (-3.38 to 4.84) | 0.05 | 0.73 |
 Vitality (VT), score | 33 | 42.43 (38.97 to 45.90) | 38.76 (35.30 to 42.22) | 3.67 (0.36 to 6.98) | 0.35 | 0.03 |
 Mental health (MH), score | 33 | 43.60 (40.00 to 47.24) | 41.09 (37.45 to 44.73) | 2.51 (0.58 to 4.42) | 0.23 | 0.01 |
 Social functioning (SF), score | 33 | 37.09 (33.05 to 41.13) | 34.82 (30.78 to 38.86) | 2.27 (-1.36 to 5.90) | 0.19 | 0.22 |
 Bodily pain (BP), score | 33 | 44.07 (39.85 to 48.30) | 43.27 (39.05 to 47.50) | 0.80 (-1.39 to 2.99) | 0.06 | 0.48 |
 General health (GH), score | 33 | 40.96 (36.95 to 44.97) | 40.29 (36.28 to 44.30) | 0.67 (-0.97 to 2.30) | 0.06 | 0.42 |