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Table 3 Impact of being high-risk opioid users and its magnitude on prospective medical utilization

From: Healthcare costs and utilization associated with high-risk prescription opioid use: a retrospective cohort study

 

Top 5% total cost

Top 5% drug cost

Any hospitalization

Any emergency visit

Crude odds ratio (without covariates) – binary indicator

 Chronic users

4.07**

(3.68–4.50)

13.58**

(12.55–14.70)

2.61**

(2.35–2.91)

1.68**

(1.54–1.82)

 Concomitant users

3.92**

(3.69–4.16)

5.97**

(5.65–6.31)

2.96**

(2.78–3.14)

2.06**

(1.96–2.15)

 Opioid disorder

2.92**

(2.54–3.35)

3.63**

(3.19–4.13)

3.44**

(3.04–3.88)

2.31**

(2.09–2.55)

Adjusted odds ratio (with covariates and weighting) – binary indicator

 Chronic users

1.41**

(1.20–1.66)

4.97**

(4.31–5.74)

1.03

(0.87–1.20)

1.00

(0.89–1.14)

 Concomitant users

1.18**

(1.08–1.29)

1.61**

(1.48–1.75)

1.09*

(1.00–1.19)

1.13**

(1.06–1.21)

 Opioid disorder

1.20

(0.95–1.50)

1.65**

(1.32–2.06)

0.94

(0.78–1.13)

1.03

(0.88–1.21)

Crude odds ratio (one level/count increase in magnitude/membership: 0–3)

 Magnitude of chronic users

1.79**

(1.71–1.87)

3.07**

(2.96–3.19)

1.47**

(1.40–1.54)

1.24**

(1.19–1.29)

 Magnitude of concomitant users

1.76**

(1.72–1.81)

2.15**

(2.10–2.20)

1.57**

(1.53–1.61)

1.36**

(1.33–1.39)

 Magnitude of opioid disorder

1.52**

(1.43–1.62)

1.71**

(1.61–1.81)

1.65**

(1.56–1.74)

1.37**

(1.31–1.44)

 Count of high-risk group membership

2.62**

(2.52–2.73)

4.14**

(3.98–4.30)

2.20**

(2.11–2.29)

1.69**

(1.64–1.75)

Adjusted odds ratio (with covariates; one level/count increase in magnitude/membership: 0–3)

 Magnitude of chronic users

1.18**

(1.11–1.25)

2.53**

(2.41–2.67)

0.97

(0.92–1.03)

1.01

(0.97–1.06)

 Magnitude of concomitant users

1.06**

(1.03–1.10)

1.27**

(1.23–1.31)

1.00

(0.97–1.04)

1.05**

(1.03–1.08)

 Magnitude of opioid disorder

1.12*

(1.02–1.24)

1.27**

(1.16–1.39)

1.11*

(1.02–1.10)

0.99

(0.93–1.06)

 Count of high-risk group membership

1.17**

(1.10–1.25)

2.22**

(2.09–2.35)

1.02

(0.96–1.08)

1.08**

(1.03–1.13)

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
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BMC Medicine

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