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Table 3 Sensitivity analyses for associations of depression and all-cause mortality supported by highly suggestive (class II) evidence

From: The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Subgroup

Sample size MDD/Deaths

k

Largest study ES (95% CI)a

Random effects summary ESb (95% CI)

Random effects P valuec

95% prediction interval

I2 (%)

Excess significance

Classification

O/Ed

P value

All-cause in cancer

 Structured interview

145/462

5

2.85 (2.29–3.54)

1.56 (0.87–2.8)

0.133

0.28–8.56

71.9

1/1.02

0.979

Weak

 Adjusted estimates only

1066/2273

13

1.2 (0.9–1.4)

1.6 (1.35–1.9)

< 10−6

1.02–2.51

42.3

8/5.16

0.097

Class III

 Adjusted at least for age and sex

691/1030

6

1.2 (0.9–1.4)

1.69 (1.23–2.31)

0.001

0.77–3.68

51.6

4/3.3

0.563

Class III

 Adjusted comorbidities

910/1951

9

1.2 (0.9–1.4)

1.52 (1.27–1.83)

< 0.001

0.97–2.4

43.3

5/3.54

0.3

Class III

 Inpatients

764/618

10

1.66 (1.16–2.37)

1.7 (1.35–2.13)

< 0.001

0.96–3

40.9

6/3.55

0.106

Weak

 Outpatients

453/1418

10

1.3 (0.98–1.73)

1.56 (1.11–2.17)

0.009

0.57–4.28

75.3

4/2.57

0.291

Class III

 Prospective studies

4034/4817

23

1.37 (1.26–1.5)

1.55 (1.32–1.81)

< 10−6

0.86–2.78

69.6

11/6.21

0.023

Class II

 Follow-up ≤ 5 years

946/1580

15

1.2 (0.9–1.4)

1.8 (1.42–2.28)

< 0.001

0.83–3.9

68.1

9/6.64

0.22

Class III

 Follow-up > 5 years

3088/3237

8

1.37 (1.26–1.5)

1.29 (1.14–1.47)

< 0.001

1–1.68

22.5

2/1.52

0.658

Class III

All-cause in heart failure patientse

 Adjusted estimates only

3383/4275

21

1.33 (1.19–1.42)

1.46 (1.29–1.64)

< 10−6

0.93–2.27

79.1

14/9.83

0.068

Class II

 Adjusted at least for age and sex

2526/2935

13

1.33 (1.19–1.42)

1.36 (1.22–1.52)

< 10−6

0.99–1.86

54.3

9/5.39

0.042

Class II

 Adjusted for comorbidities

2395/3371

12

1.33 (1.19–1.42)

1.43 (1.26–1.62)

< 10−6

1–2.04

60.5

8/6.58

0.41

Class II

 Inpatients

1245/1500

7

2.02 (1.48–2.76)

1.82 (1.28–2.6)

< 0.001

0.64–5.19

77.7

4/5.12

0.339

Class III

 Outpatients

639/583

6

1.31 (1.07–1.6)

1.46 (1.08–1.96)

0.013

0.67–3.16

75.2

4/1.8

0.049

Weak

 Prospective studies

3418/4345

22

1.33 (1.19–1.42)

1.46 (1.3–1.65)

< 10−6

0.94–2.28

78.4

14/10.02

0.088

Class II

 Follow-up ≤ 5 years

2417/2358

16

1.33 (1.19–1.42)

1.52 (1.3–1.77)

< 10−6

0.93–2.47

80.0

10/6.55

0.079

Class II

 Follow-up > 5 years

1001/1987

6

1.31 (1.07–1.6)

1.4 (1.14–1.72)

0.001

0.76–2.57

72.5

4/3.41

0.627

Class III

All-cause in mixed samplee

 Structured interview

4746/29667

19

2.3 (2.1–2.5)

1.64 (1.3–2.08)

< 0.001

0.62–4.38

88.7

11/13.06

0.277

Class III

 Adjusted estimates only

83,470/212385

81

1.77 (1.41–2.17)

1.42 (1.33–1.5)

< 10−6

0.93–2.15

86.5

44/16.69

0

Class II

 Adjusted at least for age and sex

51,332/161660

42

1.1 (1.07–1.13)

1.34 (1.25–1.43)

< 10−6

0.96–1.85

82.4

23/15.72

0.017

Class II

 Adjusted for comorbidities

34,122/41488

53

1.77 (1.41–2.17)

1.38 (1.29–1.47)

< 10−6

0.97–1.96

71.6

31/3.66

0

Class II

 Community

32,269/69181

62

1.77 (1.41–2.17)

1.48 (1.36–1.61)

< 10−6

0.83–2.63

88.2

31/8.76

0

Class II

 Inpatients

2209/2334

16

1.44 (1.1–1.88)

1.58 (1.33–1.87)

< 10−6

0.93–2.68

56.0

10/5.69

0.019

Class II

 Outpatients

811/497

6

1.55 (1.06–2.26)

1.47 (1.13–1.91)

0.004

0.8–2.68

34.5

4/0.58

0

Weak

 Primary care

8730/4558

6

1.04 (0.93–1.15)

1.44 (1.11–1.86)

0.006

0.67–3.1

82.0

4/2.13

0.11

Class III

 Prospective studies

46,951/96860

95

1.77 (1.41–2.17)

1.51 (1.4–1.62)

< 10−6

0.86–2.63

87.1

51/11.97

0

Class II

 Follow-up ≤ 5 years

24,944/26135

61

1.37 (1.19–1.48)

1.62 (1.48–1.77)

< 10−6

0.96–2.71

75.7

34/17.79

0

Class II

 Follow-up > 5 years

62,689/216442

40

1.77 (1.41–2.17)

1.36 (1.24–1.48)

< 10−6

0.81–2.26

93.8

21/8.41

0

Class II

All-cause in post-AMI

 Structured interview

1688/638

5

1.48 (1.12–1.96)

2.37 (1.36–4.14)

0.002

0.41–13.76

86.3

4/4.12

0.886

Weak

 Adjusted estimates only

2381/1771

9

1.48 (1.12–1.96)

2.2 (1.51–3.2)

< 0.001

0.71–6.81

80.7

7/7.88

0.374

Class III

 Adjusted for comorbidities

1507/579

3

1.48 (1.12–1.96)

1.56 (1.18–2.06)

0.001

0.79–3.1

5.1

2/2.15

0.843

Weak

 Inpatients

3998/2196

17

1.48 (1.12–1.96)

2.09 (1.63–2.69)

< 10−6

0.9–4.85

70.3

10/12.89

0.102

Class II

 Prospective studies

4183/2358

20

1.48 (1.12–1.96)

2.09 (1.66–2.63)

< 10−6

0.95–4.62

66.6

12/14.72

0.168

Class II

 Follow-up ≤ 5 years

3602/1789

16

1.67 (1.31–2.12)

2.18 (1.66–2.86)

< 10−6

0.89–5.32

69.4

9/12.4

0.042

Class II

 Follow-up > 5 years

533/560

3

1.48 (1.12–1.96)

1.57 (1.25–1.99)

< 0.001

0.94–2.63

0.0

2/1.31

0.42

Weak

  1. AMI acute myocardial infarction, CI confidence interval, E expected, ES effect size, MDD major depressive disorder, NA not available, NE not evaluated, NS not significant, O observed
  2. aES and 95% confidence interval of largest study (smallest standard error) in each meta-analysis
  3. bRandom effects refer to summary effect size (95% CI) using the random effects model
  4. cP value of summary random effects estimate
  5. dExpected number of statistically significant studies using the point estimate of the largest study (smallest standard error) as the plausible effect size
  6. eInclude community samples, inpatients, outpatients and primary care
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