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Table 2 Predicted mean differences of fetal parameters by ethnicity and gestational diabetes at different time points during gestation

From: Gestational diabetes and ultrasound-assessed fetal growth in South Asian and White European women: findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort

  

Predicted mean difference (95% CI)

HC (mm)

N

12 weeks

24 weeks

40 weeks

Ethnicity

 White European

4744

Ref

Ref

Ref

 South Asian

5956

0.3 (− 0.5; 1.0)

− 1.0 (− 1.5; − 0.5)

− 5.4 (− 6.1; − 4.6)

GDM

 No

9868

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

832

− 1.8 (− 2.6; − 1.0)

0.9 (0.3; 1.4)

0.1 (− 0.8; 1.1)

Ethnicity/GDM

 White European/no GDM

4534

Ref

Ref

Ref

 White European/GDM

210

− 2.7 (− 4.3; − 1.1)

1.5 (0.5; 2.6)

0.1 (− 1.7; 1.9)

 South Asian/no GDM

5334

0.2 (− 0.6; 0.9)

− 0.9 (− 1.4; − 0.4)

− 5.3 (− 6.1; − 4.5)

 South Asian/GDM

622

− 1.4 (− 2.5; − 0.3)

− 0.3 (− 1.0; 0.5)

− 5.2 (− 6.5; − 4.0)

FL (mm)

N

12 weeks

24 weeks

40 weeks

Ethnicity

 White European

4740

Ref

Ref

Ref

 South Asian

5949

0.1 (− 0.2; 0.5)

0.3 (0.1; 0.4)

0.0 (− 0.4; 0.3)

GDM

 No

9857

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

832

− 0.6 (− 0.9; − 0.3)

0.1 (− 0.1; 0.2)

0.1 (− 0.2; 0.4)

Ethnicity/GDM

 White European/no GDM

4530

Ref

Ref

Ref

 White European/GDM

210

0.1 (− 0.6; 0.7)

0.1 (− 0.2; 0.4)

0.6 (0.1; 1.1)

 South Asian/no GDM

5327

0.2 (− 0.1; 0.6)

0.3 (0.1; 0.4)

0.1 (− 0.3; 0.4)

 South Asian/GDM

622

− 0.6 (− 1.1; − 0.2)

0.3 (0.1; 0.5)

0.0 (− 0.5; 0.4)

AC (mm)

N

16 weeks

24 weeks

40 weeks

Ethnicity

 White European

4648

Ref

Ref

Ref

 South Asian

5872

− 1.5 (− 2.3; − 0.8)

− 3.3 (− 4.0; − 2.5)

− 12.4 (− 13.9; − 10.9)

GDM

 No

9690

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

830

− 1.7 (− 2.5; − 0.9)

0.9 (0.2; 1.7)

5.1 (3.5; 6.8)

Ethnicity/GDM

 White European/no GDM

4438

Ref

Ref

Ref

 White European/GDM

210

− 2.2 (− 3.7; − 0.7)

0.9 (− 0.5; 2.3)

4.3 (1.1; 7.5)

 South Asian/no GDM

5252

− 1.6 (− 2.4; − 0.8)

− 3.2 (− 4.0; − 2.5)

− 12.5 (− 14.0; − 11.0)

 South Asian/GDM

620

− 3.1 (− 4.3; − 2.0)

− 2.3 (− 3.4; − 1.2)

− 7.1 (− 9.4; − 4.8)

EFW (g)

N

16 weeks

24 weeks

40 weeks

Ethnicity

 White European

4745

Ref

Ref

Ref

 South Asian

5956

2 (− 2; 6)

− 17 (− 24; − 11)

− 206 (− 232; − 180)

GDM

 No

9869

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

832

− 6 (− 10; − 2)

7 (0; 13)

171 (140; 202)

Ethnicity/GDM

 White European/no GDM

4535

Ref

Ref

Ref

 White European/GDM

210

− 3 (− 11; 4)

5 (− 6; 17)

204 (145; 263)

 South Asian/no GDM

5334

2 (− 2; 6)

− 17 (− 24; − 11)

− 203 (− 230; − 177)

 South Asian/GDM

622

− 5 (− 11; 0)

− 10 (− 19; − 1)

− 45 (− 86; − 3)

  1. Separate and joint associations of ethnicity and gestational diabetes with fetal growth trajectories, presented as mean differences of head circumference (HC), femur length (FL), abdominal circumference (AC), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) during early (12/16 weeks), mid (24 weeks), and late (40 weeks) gestation. All mean differences are estimated using multilevel fractional polynomial models with adjustment for infant sex, maternal age at delivery, parity, height, body mass index, education level, smoking, and alcohol use during pregnancy, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Models were additionally adjusted for gestational diabetes [in analyses examining mean differences by ethnicity (White European vs. South Asian)] and ethnicity [in analyses examining mean differences by gestational diabetes (yes vs. no)]. GDM gestational diabetes, CI confidence interval
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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