Table 1 Characteristics of participants by adherence to the Mediterranean diet, Fenland and CoLaus studies*
Characteristic | Fenland Study (n = 9645) | CoLaus Study (n = 3957) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (3.30–7.84)* | Q2 (7.85–8.73) | Q3 (8.74–9.46) | Q4 (9.47–10.28) | Q5 (10.29–14.03) | Q1 (1.83–7.45) | Q2 (7.46–8.18) | Q3 (8.19–8.82) | Q4 (8.83–9.47) | Q5 (9.48–12.18) | |
Age, years | 48.8 ± 7.5 | 48.9 ± 7.3 | 48.9 ± 7.5 | 48.9 ± 7.6 | 49.1 ± 7.5 | 58.2 ± 10.7 | 58 ± 10.5 | 57.4 ± 10.4 | 56.3 ± 10.5 | 55.1 ± 9.4 |
Women, % | 35.5 | 48.1 | 57.5 | 62.0 | 69.4 | 43.1 | 54.5 | 60.1 | 60.9 | 65.5 |
Marital status, %†| ||||||||||
 Single | 7.5 | 7.5 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 8.9 | 17.3 | 12.9 | 14.4 | 17.3 | 15.0 |
 Married/cohabiting | 66.5 | 68.7 | 70.9 | 70.2 | 69.1 | 54.3 | 57.1 | 60.1 | 59.8 | 58.2 |
 Separated | 7.3 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 9.5 | 28.4 | 30.0 | 25.5 | 22.9 | 26.8 |
Occupation, % | ||||||||||
 Managerial or professional | 42.5 | 54.6 | 61.3 | 66.5 | 73.8 | – | – | – | – | – |
 Employed | – | – | – | – | – | 53.4 | 56.9 | 55.7 | 63.1 | 67.9 |
Education, %†| ||||||||||
 Compulsory | 27.8 | 22.6 | 18.6 | 14.0 | 9.2 | 18.8 | 16.6 | 15.4 | 13.4 | 11.0 |
 Secondary | 55.1 | 50.7 | 46.3 | 41.1 | 36.5 | 65.0 | 64.6 | 61.2 | 58.8 | 59.8 |
 University | 17.2 | 26.7 | 35.1 | 44.9 | 54.3 | 16.2 | 18.8 | 23.4 | 27.8 | 29.2 |
Annual income, %†| ||||||||||
 < £20,000 | 16.9 | 13.6 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 9.6 | – | – | – | – | – |
 £20,000–40,000 | 41.7 | 35.3 | 34.2 | 30.0 | 27.5 | – | – | – | – | – |
 > £40,000 | 38.7 | 48.3 | 52.5 | 56.6 | 61.0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Current smoker, % | 20.0 | 11.4 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 26.4 | 22.8 | 21.0 | 18.1 | 16.4 |
Alcohol intake, unit/week‡ | ||||||||||
 Abstainers | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 21.1 | 23.3 | 24.0 | 24.5 | 24.1 |
 Moderate | 60.5 | 61.6 | 60.7 | 60.8 | 60.7 | 62.5 | 65.9 | 69.9 | 70.8 | 72.9 |
 Heavy | 22.7 | 25.9 | 27.5 | 27.7 | 29.5 | 16.4 | 10.9 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 2.9 |
Energy intake, kcal/day | 2120 ± 599 | 1949 ± 595 | 1888 ± 550 | 1827 ± 531 | 1824 ± 527 | 1853 ± 633 | 1804 ± 628 | 1804 ± 606 | 1778 ± 588 | 1709 ± 583 |
Protein, % energy | 17.6 ± 3.7 | 18.2 ± 3.5 | 18.3 ± 3.6 | 18.2 ± 3.5 | 18.0 ± 3.4 | 15.6 ± 3.6 | 15.8 ± 3.6 | 15.5 ± 3.1 | 15.5 ± 3.1 | 14.9 ± 2.8 |
Carbohydrate, % energy | 46.6 ± 7.3 | 47.6 ± 6.8 | 48.2 ± 6.8 | 49.0 ± 6.9 | 49.3 ± 6.8 | 45.1 ± 9.7 | 44.9 ± 9.1 | 46.7 ± 8.4 | 47.0 ± 8.3 | 48.3 ± 8.0 |
Fat, % energy | 35.3 ± 5.7 | 33.9 ± 5.5 | 33.1 ± 5.6 | 32.6 ± 5.7 | 32.6 ± 5.8 | 33.3 ± 6.7 | 34.7 ± 6.7 | 34.6 ± 6.7 | 34.6 ± 6.6 | 34.5 ± 6.8 |
PAEE, kcal/day | 1048 ± 903 | 878 ± 750 | 777 ± 668 | 740 ± 582 | 696 ± 515 |  |  |  |  |  |
TEE, kcal/day | – | – | – | – | – | 2748 ± 672 | 2667 ± 642 | 2647 ± 621 | 2615 ± 581 | 2665 ± 615 |
Metabolic syndrome, %§ | 42.5 | 37.8 | 31.9 | 29.7 | 22.6 | 39.5 | 37.5 | 24.0 | 28.8 | 26.0 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 4.6 | 27.2 ± 4.7 | 26.6 ± 4.5 | 26.1 ± 4.3 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | 26.4 ± 4.4 | 26.0 ± 4.4 | 25.6 ± 4.1 | 25.4 ± 4.2 | 25.0 ± 4.1 |
Waist circumference, cm | 94.5 ± 13 | 92.0 ± 12.9 | 89.4 ± 12.5 | 87.9 ± 12.1 | 85 ± 11.9 | 93.4 ± 12.7 | 91.4 ± 12.2 | 89.7 ± 11.7 | 89.1 ± 12.0 | 87.8 ± 11.8 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.7 |
GGT, U/L | 39.6 ± 40.8 | 36.2 ± 34.4 | 32.5 ± 25 | 31.9 ± 25.2 | 28.5 ± 22.6 | 45.3 ± 72.1 | 35.3 ± 33.2 | 30.8 ± 28 | 30.9 ± 34.7 | 28.6 ± 31.1 |
ALT, U/L | 30.8 ± 16.7 | 29.1 ± 15.7 | 27.7 ± 14.6 | 27.2 ± 15.6 | 26.1 ± 16.3 | 28.9 ± 22.3 | 26.9 ± 15.4 | 26.1 ± 13.8 | 24.8 ± 12.8 | 25.3 ± 14.8 |
AST, U/L | – | – | – | – | – | 30.3 ± 14.8 | 28.7 ± 12.3 | 28.0 ± 8.7 | 27.5 ± 9.3 | 27.2 ± 7.6 |