Table 1 Baseline clinical features in the RIACE participants with valid information on vital status, stratified by BP status according to the 130/80 mmHg BP targets

n (%)

2206 (14.09)

2378 (15.19)

3707 (23.68)

5014 (32.03)

2351 (15.02)

Age, years

61.5 ± 11.7

64.3 ± 10.7

67.3 ± 10.0

68.0 ± 9.5

69.6 ± 8.7

< 0.0001

Gender, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Females

833 (37.76)

948 (39.87)

1592 (42.95)

2270 (45.27)

1111 (47.26)

 Males

1373 (62.24)

1430 (60.13)

2115 (57.05)

2744 (54.73)

1240 (52.74)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Never

1220 (55.30)

1352 (56.85)

2059 (55.54)

2890 (57.64)

1328 (56.49)

 Former

535 (24.25)

603 (25.36)

1084 (29.24)

1439 (28.70)

746 (31.73)

 Current

451 (20.44)

423 (17.79)

564 (15.21)

685 (13.66)

277 (11.78)

Diabetes duration, years

10.7 ± 9.4

11.9 ± 9.7

13.3 ± 10.2

14.2 ± 10.4

14.4 ± 10.2

< 0.0001

HbA_1c, mmol/mol

58.7 ± 17.5

58.9 ± 16.3

58.6 ± 16.8

59.1 ± 15.8

59.6 ± 16.3

< 0.0001

Anti-hyperglycemic treatment, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Lifestyle

393 (17.82)

424 (17.83)

481 (12.98)

587 (11.71)

228 (9.70)

 Non-insulin

1310 (59.38)

1470 (61.82)

2244 (60.53)

3225 (64.32)

1370 (58.27)

 Insulin

503 (22.80)

484 (20.35)

982 (26.49)

1202 (23.97)

753 (32.03)

BMI, kg/m²

27.29 ± 4.80

28.08 ± 4.72

29.08 ± 5.11

29.27 ± 5.09

30.61 ± 5.43

< 0.0001

Waist circumference, cm

99.1 ± 9.8

100.8 ± 9.6

102.7 ± 10.3

103.1 ± 10.3

105.8 ± 10.9

< 0.0001

Triglycerides, mmol/l

1.21 (0.88, 1.73)

1.28 (0.93, 1.83)

1.36 (0.98, 1.92)

1.36 (0.99, 1.90)

1.46 (1.07, 2.00)

< 0.0001

Total cholesterol, mmol/l

4.85 ± 0.96

4.94 ± 1.0

4.64 ± 1.0

4.80 ± 0.98

4.67 ± 0.96

< 0.0001

HDL cholesterol, mmol/l

1.31 ± 0.36

1.34 ± 0.37

1.25 ± 0.35

1.29 ± 0.35

1.26 ± 0.34

< 0.0001

LDL cholesterol, mmol/l

2.89 ± 0.82

2.93 ± 0.85

2.67 ± 0.84

2.80 ± 0.84

2.66 ± 0.81

< 0.0001

Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%)

671 (30.42)

779 (32.76)

1945 (52.47)

2468 (49.22)

1375 (58.49)

< 0.0001

Statins, n (%)

601 (27.24)

698 (29.35)

1804 (48.66)

2280 (45.47)

1271 (54.06)

< 0.0001

Anti-platelet therapy, n (%)

402 (18.22)

454 (19.09)

1876 (50.61)

2167 (43.22)

1349 (57.38)

< 0.0001

Anti-coagulant therapy, n (%)

25 (1.13)

31 (1.30)

226 (6.10)

180 (3.59)

207 (8.80)

< 0.0001

Albuminuria, mg/24 h

10.3 (5.5, 18.9)

11.1 (5,8, 21.4)

13.8 (6.6, 37.2)

14.4 (7.0, 36.5)

19.8 (9.1, 73.4)

< 0.0001

eGFR, ml·min⁻¹·1.73 m⁻²

89.8 ± 18.4

86.9 ± 17.0

78.3 ± 21.3

78.6 ± 20.1

71.1 ± 22.6

< 0.0001

DKD phenotypes, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Alb⁻/eGFR⁻

1776 (80.51)

1861 (78.26)

2213 (59.70)

3068 (61.19)

1066 (45.34)

 Alb⁺/eGFR⁻

275 (12.47)

352 (14.80)

737 (19.88)

1046 (20.86)

556 (23.65)

 Alb⁻/eGFR⁺

100 (4.53)

106 (4.46)

420 (11.33)

498 (9.93)

352 (14.97)

 Alb⁺/eGFR⁺

55 (2.49)

59 (2.48)

337 (9.09)

402 (8.02)

377 (16.04)

DR, n (%)

< 0.0001

 No

1883 (85.36)

1957 (82.30)

2862 (77.21)

3799 (75.77)

1688 (71.80)

 Non-advanced

193 (8.75)

245 (10.30)

496 (13.38)

683 (13.62)

327 (13.91)

 Advanced

127 (5.76)

176 (7.40)

349 (9.41)

532 (10.61)

336 (14.29)

CVD, n (%)

 Any

214 (9.70)

253 (10.64)

1127 (30.40)

1196 (23.85)

830 (35.30)

< 0.0001

 Acute myocardial infarction

67 (3.04)

68 (2.86)

627 (16.91)

525 (10.47)

455 (19.35)

< 0.0001

 Coronary revascularization

63 (2.86)

69 (2.90)

588 (15.86)

468 (9.33)

391 (16.63)

< 0.0001

 Any coronary event

107 (4.85)

113 (4.75)

830 (22.39)

756 (15.08)

590 (25.10)

< 0.0001

 Stroke

28 (1.27)

38 (1.60)

147 (3.97)

173 (3.45)

127 (5.40)

< 0.0001

 Carotid revascularization

54 (2.45)

72 (3.03)

227 (6.12)

313 (6.24)

190 (8.08)

< 0.0001

 Any cerebrovascular event

79 (3.58)

109 (4.58)

346 (9.33)

458 (9.13)

300 (12.76)

< 0.0001

 Ulcer/gangrene/amputation

50 (2.67)

54 (2.27)

154 (4.15)

175 (3.49)

123 (5.23)

< 0.0001

 Lower limb revascularization

23 (1.04)

26 (1.09)

145 (3.91)

155 (3.09)

101 (4.30)

< 0.0001

 Any peripheral event

67 (3.04)

75 (3.15)

258 (6.96)

288 (5.74)

195 (8.29)

< 0.0001

 Aortic aneurysm

6 (0.27)

5 (0.21)

15 (0.40)

16 (0.32)

16 (0.68)

0.065

Cancer, n (%)

118 (5.35)

127 (5.34)

277 (7.47)

326 (6.50)

183 (7.78)

< 0.0001