|
Socio-demographic
|
|
Place of residence
|
Rural
|
18,126 (91.2%)
|
265 (94.6%)
|
1.72 (1.02–2.90)
|
93 (93.0%)
|
1.29 (0.60–1.53)
|
89 (95.7%)
|
2.17 (0.80–5.92)
|
|
Urban
|
1751 (8.8%)
|
15 (5.4%)
|
1.00
|
7 (7.0%)
|
1.00
|
4 (4.3%)
|
1.00
|
|
Wealth indexa
|
Quartile 1
|
4938 (24.9%)
|
72 (25.7%)
|
1.49 (1.03–2.15)
|
17 (17.2%)
|
0.86 (0.45–1.65)
|
31 (33.3%)
|
2.63 (1.35–5.13)
|
|
Quartile 2
|
4935 (24.9%)
|
94 (33.6%)
|
1.96 (1.38–2.77)
|
24 (24.2%)
|
1.22 (0.68–2.22)
|
25 (26.9%)
|
2.13 (1.07–4.25)
|
|
Quartile 3
|
4970 (25.1%)
|
65 (23.2%)
|
1.34 (0.92–1.94)
|
38 (38.4%)
|
1.92 (1.12–3.30)
|
25 (26.9%)
|
2.11 (1.06–4.21)
|
|
Quartile 4
|
4986 (25.1%)
|
49 (17.5%)
|
1.00
|
20 (20.2%)
|
1.00
|
12 (12.9%)
|
1.00
|
|
Sex of baby
|
Girl
|
9669 (48.6%)
|
119 (42.5%)
|
1.00
|
48 (48.0%)
|
1.00
|
39 (41.9%)
|
1.00
|
|
Boy
|
10,208 (51.4%)
|
161 (57.5%)
|
1.29 (1.01–1.63)
|
52 (52.0%)
|
1.03 (0.69–1.53)
|
54 (58.1%)
|
1.32 (0.87–1.99)
|
|
Maternal
|
|
Maternal ageb
|
15–19 years
|
924 (4.7%)
|
20 (7.1%)
|
1.00
|
6 (6.0%)
|
1.00
|
5 (5.4%)
|
1.00
|
|
20–24 years
|
8287 (41.7%)
|
130 (46.4%)
|
0.72 (0.45–1.16)
|
52 (52.0%)
|
0.96 (0.41–2.24)
|
39 (41.9%)
|
0.86 (0.34–2.20)
|
|
25–29 years
|
7570 (38.1%)
|
85 (30.4%)
|
0.51 (0.31–0.84)
|
28 (28.0%)
|
0.56 (0.23–1.36)
|
30 (32.3%)
|
0.72 (0.28–1.86)
|
|
≥ 30 years
|
3093 (15.6%)
|
45 (16.1%)
|
0.67 (0.39–1.14)
|
14 (14.0%)
|
0.69 (0.26–1.80)
|
19 (20.4%)
|
1.13 (0.42–3.02)
|
|
Any tobacco use ever
|
Yes
|
518 (2.6%)
|
13 (4.6%)
|
1.84 (1.05–3.23)
|
5 (5.0%)
|
2.00 (0.81–4.94)
|
2 (2.2%)
|
0.83 (0.20–3.40)
|
|
No
|
19,359 (97.4%)
|
267 (95.4%)
|
1.00
|
95 (95.0%)
|
1.00
|
91 (97.9%)
|
1.00
|
|
Primiparity
|
Yes
|
4733 (23.8%)
|
87 (31.1%)
|
1.45 (1.12–1.87)
|
34 (34.0%)
|
1.66 (1.10–2.52)
|
22 (23.7%)
|
1.00 (0.62–1.62)
|
|
No
|
15,144 (76.2%)
|
193 (68.9%)
|
1.00
|
66 (66.0%)
|
1.00
|
71 (76.3%)
|
1.00
|
|
Diabetes mellitus irrespective of pregnancyc
|
Yes
|
62 (0.3%)
|
0 (0.0%)
|
NA
|
0 (0.0%)
|
NA
|
0 (0.0%)
|
NA
|
|
No
|
19,452 (99.7%)
|
275 (100.0%)
|
NA
|
99 (100.0%)
|
NA
|
91 (100.0%)
|
NA
|
|
Hypertension irrespective of pregnancyd
|
Yes
|
335 (1.7%)
|
6 (2.2%)
|
1.28 (0.57–2.89)
|
2 (2.0%)
|
1.19 (0.29–4.84)
|
1 (1.1%)
|
0.63 (0.09–4.55)
|
|
No
|
19,209 (98.3%)
|
270 (97.8%)
|
1.00
|
97 (98.0%)
|
1.00
|
91 (98.9%)
|
1.00
|
|
Pregnancy
|
|
At least one antenatal care visit during pregnancye
|
Yes
|
16,151 (81.3%)
|
228 (81.4%)
|
1.00
|
74 (74.0%)
|
1.00
|
74 (79.6%)
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
3725 (18.7%)
|
52 (18.6%)
|
0.99 (0.73–1.34)
|
26 (26.0%)
|
1.53 (0.98–2.39)
|
19 (20.4%)
|
1.12 (0.67–1.85)
|
|
Received 2 tetanus toxoid injections during pregnancyf
|
Yes
|
16,091 (81.2%)
|
206 (73.6%)
|
1.00
|
74 (74.0%)
|
1.00
|
70 (75.3%)
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
3735 (18.8%)
|
74 (26.4%)
|
1.56 (1.19–2.04)
|
26 (26.0%)
|
1.53 (0.98–2.39)
|
23 (24.7%)
|
1.43 (0.89–2.30)
|
|
Consumed iron folic acid tablets during pregnancyg
|
Yes
|
8007 (40.5%)
|
105 (37.6%)
|
1.00
|
35 (35.0%)
|
1.00
|
36 (38.7%)
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
11,752 (59.5%)
|
174 (62.5%)
|
1.13 (0.89–1.44)
|
65 (65.0%)
|
1.27 (0.84–1.92)
|
57 (61.3%)
|
1.08 (0.71–1.64)
|
|
Pregnancy with multiple foetuses
|
Yes
|
336 (1.7%)
|
21 (7.5%)
|
4.96 (3.14–7.85)
|
12 (12.0%)
|
7.80 (4.13–14.75)
|
17 (18.3%)
|
16.04 (9.47–27.19)
|
|
No
|
19,541 (98.3%)
|
259 (92.5%)
|
1.00
|
88 (88.0%)
|
1.00
|
76 (81.7%)
|
1.00
|
|
Hypertension in the last trimester of pregnancyh
|
Yes
|
504 (2.6%)
|
14 (5.1%)
|
2.06 (1.20–3.56)
|
2 (2.0%)
|
0.79 (0.19–3.22)
|
4 (4.6%)
|
1.84 (0.67–5.02)
|
|
No
|
19,908 (97.4%)
|
261 (94.9%)
|
1.00
|
97 (98.0%)
|
1.00
|
84 (95.5%)
|
1.00
|
|
Malaria in last 3 months of pregnancyi
|
Yes
|
449 (2.3%)
|
4 (1.5%)
|
0.62 (0.23–1.67)
|
3 (3.0%)
|
1.32 (0.42–4.19)
|
1 (1.1%)
|
0.47 (0.07–3.37)
|
|
No
|
19,064 (97.7%)
|
272 (98.6%)
|
1.00
|
96 (97.0%)
|
1.00
|
90 (98.9%)
|
1.00
|
|
Syphilis during pregnancyj
|
Yes
|
83 (0.4%)
|
1 (0.4%)
|
0.86 (0.12–6.17)
|
0 (0.0%)
|
NA
|
0 (0.0%)
|
NA
|
|
Do not know
|
1151 (5.8%)
|
17 (6.1%)
|
1.05 (0.64–1.72)
|
8 (8.0%)
|
1.41 (0.68–2.92)
|
6 (6.5%)
|
1.12 (0.49–2.57)
|
|
No
|
18,642 (93.8%)
|
262 (93.6%)
|
1.00
|
92 (92.0%)
|
1.00
|
87 (93.6%)
|
1.00
|
|
Fever in the last 3 months of pregnancyk
|
Yes
|
3547 (18.0%)
|
33 (11.9%)
|
0.61 (0.42–0.88)
|
18 (18.0%)
|
0.99 (0.60–1.65)
|
17 (18.3%)
|
1.01 (0.60–1.71)
|
|
No
|
16,130 (82.0%)
|
244 (88.1%)
|
1.00
|
82 (82.0%)
|
1.00
|
76 (81.7%)
|
1.00
|
|
Convulsion in last 3 months of pregnancyl
|
Yes
|
2215 (11.3%)
|
36 (13.0%)
|
1.18 (0.83–1.68)
|
10 (10.2%)
|
0.89 (0.46–1.72)
|
7 (7.5%)
|
0.64 (0.29–1.38)
|
|
No
|
17,333 (88.7%)
|
240 (87.0%)
|
1.00
|
88 (89.8%)
|
1.00
|
86 (92.5%)
|
1.00
|
|
Mother is informed the baby was not growing adequately inside the wombm
|
Yes
|
679 (3.5%)
|
18 (6.5%)
|
1.33 (0.42–4.18)
|
3 (3.1%)
|
0.91 (0.29–2.89)
|
8 (8.7%)
|
2.71 (1.31–5.63)
|
|
No
|
18,959 (96.5%)
|
261 (93.6%)
|
1.00
|
93 (96.9%)
|
1.00
|
84 (91.3%)
|
1.00
|
|
Gestation period
|
≤ 8 months
|
477 (2.4%)
|
73 (26.1%)
|
16.75 (12.61–22.27)
|
14 (14.0%)
|
7.98 (4.49–14.15)
|
16 (17.2%)
|
10.57 (6.11–18.29)
|
|
> 8 months
|
19,400 (97.6%)
|
207 (73.9%)
|
1.00
|
86 (86.0%)
|
1.00
|
77 (82.8%)
|
1.00
|
|
Labour
|
|
Mother had come for delivery earlier but was asked to come later for delivery (deferred deliveryn
|
Yes
|
160 (0.8%)
|
3 (1.1%)
|
1.33 (0.42–4.18)
|
3 (3.1%)
|
3.97 (1.24–12.66)
|
4 (4.5%)
|
5.98 (2.17–16.51)
|
|
No
|
19,515 (99.2%)
|
277 (98.9%)
|
1.00
|
94 (96.9%)
|
1.00
|
85 (95.5%)
|
1.00
|
|
Spontaneous labouro
|
Yes
|
14,637 (74.1%)
|
189 (68.2%)
|
1.00
|
65 (67.0%)
|
1.00
|
62 (69.7%)
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
5120 (25.9%)
|
88 (31.8%)
|
1.34 (1.04–1.73)
|
32 (33.0%)
|
1.42 (0.93–2.17)
|
27 (30.3%)
|
1.25 (0.80–1.97)
|
|
Foul-smelling liquorp
|
Yes
|
976 (4.9%)
|
20 (7.2%)
|
1.50 (0.95–2.38)
|
8 (8.1%)
|
1.71 (0.83–3.53)
|
7 (7.7%)
|
1.62 (0.75–3.52)
|
|
No
|
18,768 (95.1%)
|
258 (92.8%)
|
1.00
|
91 (91.9%)
|
1.00
|
84 (92.3%)
|
1.00
|
|
Labour for more than 12 hq
|
Yes
|
3040 (15.4%)
|
47 (17.0%)
|
1.13 (0.82–1.54)
|
17 (17.2%)
|
1.14 (0.68–1.93)
|
16 (17.6%)
|
1.18 (0.69–2.02)
|
|
No
|
16,720 (84.6%)
|
230 (83.0%)
|
1.00
|
82 (82.8%)
|
1.00
|
75 (82.4%)
|
1.00
|
|
Delivery
|
|
Place of deliveryr
|
Public
|
10,623 (53.5%)
|
120 (42.9%)
|
1.00
|
54 (54.0%)
| |
42 (45.2%)
|
1.00
|
|
Private
|
3314 (16.7%)
|
76 (27.1%)
|
2.05 (1.54–2.75)
|
22 (22.0%)
|
1.32 (0.81–2.18)
|
23 (24.7%)
|
1.78 (1.07–2.97)
|
|
Home
|
5922 (29.8%)
|
84 (30.0%)
|
1.26 (0.95–1.67)
|
24 (24.0%)
|
0.80 (0.49–1.29)
|
28 (30.1%)
|
1.20 (0.74–1.94)
|
|
Mother had gone to a health facility for delivery but delivered in another facility (referred delivery)s
|
Yes
|
781 (5.6%)
|
29 (14.9%)
|
3.02 (2.02–4.51)
|
6 (7.9%)
|
1.48 (0.64–3.43)
|
8 (12.5%)
|
2.49 (1.18–5.24)
|
|
No
|
13,154 (94.4%)
|
166 (85.1%)
|
1.00
|
70 (92.1%)
|
1.00
|
56 (87.5%)
|
1.00
|
|
Vaginal deliveryt
|
Yes
|
17,867 (90.0%)
|
243 (87.1%)
|
0.75 (0.53–1.07)
|
82 (82.0%)
|
0.50 (0.30–0.84)
|
81 (89.0%)
|
0.89 (0.46–1.73)
|
|
No
|
1991 (10.0%)
|
36 (12.9%)
|
1.00
|
18 (18.0%)
|
1.00
|
10 (11.0%)
|
1.00
|
|
Push/pull done during delivery by the health provideru
|
Yes
|
965 (5.0%)
|
40 (14.6%)
|
3.38 (2.40–4.76)
|
15 (15.2%)
|
3.57 (2.06–6.22)
|
4 (4.4%)
|
0.92 (0.34–2.51)
|
|
No
|
18,533 (95.1%)
|
234 (85.4%)
|
1.00
|
84 (84.9%)
|
1.00
|
87 (95.6%)
|
1.00
|
|
Entangled cord around the baby’s neckv
|
Yes
|
761 (3.8%)
|
21 (7.5%)
|
2.04 (1.30–3.21)
|
7 (7.0%)
|
1.89 (0.87–4.10)
|
4 (4.3%)
|
1.15 (0.42–3.14)
|
|
Do not know
|
1748 (8.8%)
|
20 (7.2%)
|
0.83 (0.53–1.32)
|
7 (7.0%)
|
0.81 (0.37–1.74)
|
8 (8.6%)
|
0.98 (0.47–2.02)
|
|
No
|
17,351 (87.4%)
|
238 (85.3%)
|
1.00
|
86 (86.0%)
|
1.00
|
81 (87.1%)
|
1.00
|
|
Breech position of the babyw
|
Yes
|
633 (3.2%)
|
30 (11.0%)
|
3.82 (2.59–5.63)
|
6 (6.1%)
|
2.00 (0.87–4.60)
|
7 (7.5%)
|
2.55 (1.17–5.53)
|
|
No
|
18,888 (96.8%)
|
243 (89.0%)
|
1.00
|
93 (93.9%)
|
1.00
|
86 (92.5%)
|
1.00
|
|
Antiseptic cord care
|
Yes
|
4966 (25.0%)
|
31 (11.1%)
|
1.00
|
23 (23.0%)
|
1.00
|
20 (21.5%)
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
11,901 (59.9%)
|
183 (65.4%)
|
2.49 (1.70–3.64)
|
61 (61.0%)
|
1.12 (0.69–1.81)
|
62 (66.7%)
|
1.31 (0.79–2.17)
|
|
Do not know
|
3010 (15.1%)
|
66 (23.6%)
|
3.57 (2.32–5.48)
|
16 (16.0%)
|
1.17 (0.62–2.21)
|
11 (11.8%)
|
0.92 (0.44–1.93)
|
|
Birthweight of the baby (kg)x
|
≥ 2.5
|
11,401 (57.9%)
|
57 (37.8%)
|
1.00
|
38 (43.2%)
|
1
|
37 (41.6%)
|
1
|
|
< 2.5
|
2037 (10.4%)
|
27 (17.9%)
|
2.67 (1.69–4.24)
|
19 (21.6%)
|
2.84 (1.63–4.93)
|
30 (33.7%)
|
4.66 (2.87–7.56)
|
|
Never weighted
|
4704 (23.9%)
|
53 (35.1%)
|
2.18 (1.52–3.12)
|
23 (26.1%)
|
1.32 (0.80–2.17)
|
18 (20.2%)
|
1.10 (0.64–1.91)
|
|
Do not know if weighted
|
1547 (7.9%)
|
14 (9.3%)
|
1.74 (0.98–3.11)
|
8 (9.1%)
|
1.39 (0.66–2.95)
|
4 (4.5%)
|
0.74 (0.27–2.07)
|
|
Postnatal care
|
|
Baby put in an incubator after birthy
|
Yes
|
984 (5.1%)
| | |
31 (31.0%)
|
8.68 (5.65–13.33)
|
25 (26.9%)
|
7.27 (4.57–11.55)
|
|
No
|
18,482 (94.9%)
| | |
69 (69.0%)
|
1.00
|
68 (73.1%)
|
1.00
|
|
Received delayed bathing, skin-to-skin care, and immediate breastfeedingz
|
Yes
|
2124 (10.9%)
| | |
6 (6.3%)
|
1.00
|
7 (7.8%)
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
17,435 (89.1%)
| | |
89 (93.7%)
|
1.81 (0.79–4.14)
|
83 (92.2%)
|
1.45 (0.67–3.14)
|
|
Received postnatal care within 1 week of birth
|
Yes
|
7009 (35.8%)
| | |
41 (41.0%)
|
1.00
|
35 (37.6%)
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
12,588 (64.2%)
| | |
59 (59.0%)
|
0.80 (0.54–1.19)
|
58 (62.4%)
|
0.92 (0.60–1.40)
|
|
Illness and treatment during neonatal periodaa
|
No illness
|
15,862 (90.0%)
| | |
25 (25.5%)
|
1.00
|
39 (41.9%)
|
1.00
|
|
Untreated illness
|
1381 (7.0%)
| | |
38 (38.8%)
|
17.92 (10.79–29.78)
|
22 (23.7%)
|
6.75 (3.99–11.41)
|
|
Ill and out-patient treatment sought
|
1936 (9.9%)
| | |
12 (12.2%)
|
3.95 (1.98–7.88)
|
14 (15.1%)
|
2.97 (1.61–5.48)
|
|
Illness that required hospitalization
|
409 (2.1%)
| | |
23 (23.5%)
|
37.75 (21.24–67.09)
|
18 (19.4%)
|
19.81 (11.23–34.96)
|
