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Table 2 Observational association of 25(OH)D with risk of vascular diseases in CKB, CGPS, and CCHS

From: Vitamin D and cause-specific vascular disease and mortality: a Mendelian randomisation study involving 99,012 Chinese and 106,911 European adults

Diseases

Continuous 25(OH)D per 25 nmol/L

25(OH)D quartiles (nmol/L)

P for trend

No. of all events

HR (95% CI)

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

CKB

 Major vascular event

3868

1.02(0.98,1.07)

1.00

1.00(0.89,1.12)

1.08(0.95,1.22)

1.03(0.90,1.18)

0.344

 Major coronary event

1024

0.98(0.89,1.07)

1.00

0.89(0.71,1.13)

0.99(0.78,1.27)

0.85(0.66,1.12)

0.614

 Myocardial infarction

662

0.99(0.89,1.12)

1.00

0.94(0.69,1.27)

1.05(0.77,1.43)

0.99(0.71,1.38)

0.925

 Stroke

2982

1.04(0.99,1.10)

1.00

1.01(0.89,1.15)

1.08(0.94,1.24)

1.08(0.93,1.26)

0.154

 Ischaemic stroke

1776

0.99(0.93,1.07)

1.00

0.95(0.81,1.11)

1.04(0.88,1.23)

0.96(0.79,1.16)

0.882

 Intracerebral haemorrhage

1308

1.09(1.01,1.18)

1.00

1.04(0.84,1.29)

1.08(0.86,1.35)

1.19(0.93,1.51)

0.029

 Subarachnoid haemorrhage

56

1.24(0.83,1.85)

1.00

1.05(0.37,2.97)

0.42(0.10,1.72)

1.38(0.42,4.54)

0.291

 Ischaemic heart disease

1024

0.98(0.89,1.07)

1.00

0.90(0.71,1.15)

1.04(0.81,1.32)

0.84(0.64,1.10)

0.596

CGPS and CCHS

 Cardiovascular disease

12,110

0.90(0.88,0.93)

1.00

0.92(0.86,0.98)

0.85(0.79,0.91)

0.79(0.73,0.86)

1.3 × 10−9

 Myocardial infarction

4316

0.88(0.84,0.93)

1.00

0.86(0.77,0.96)

0.81(0.72,0.91)

0.74(0.65,0.85)

5.8 × 10−10

 Stroke

4490

0.93(0.90,0.98)

1.00

0.97(0.87,1.08)

0.87(0.77,0.98)

0.89(0.78,1.02)

0.022

 Ischaemic stroke

3766

0.93(0.88,0.98)

1.00

0.98(0.87,1.11)

0.84(0.73,0.96)

0.90(0.78,1.04)

0.028

 Intracerebral haemorrhage

542

1.05(0.90,1.19)

1.00

0.96(0.69,1.33)

1.14(0.82,1.61)

0.96(0.65,1.41)

0.87

 Ischaemic heart disease

9362

0.90(0.86,0.93)

1.00

0.91(0.84,0.98)

0.86(0.79,0.93)

0.77(0.70,0.84)

1.4 × 10−11

  1. Multivariable cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the association between quartile groups of 25(OH)D concentrations and risk of vascular diseases
  2. All values are adjusted for age (years), sex (male or female), smoking status (current smoker), alcohol intake (current drinker), season, region, SBP, and physical activity (low activity) in CKB
  3. All values are adjusted for age (years), sex (male or female), latitude, season, SBP, physical activity (METs, h/day), smoking status (never smoker, occasional smoker, former smoker, or regular smoker), and alcohol intake (non-drinker, occasional drinker, former drinker, or regular drinker) in CGPS and CCHS
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