From: Can public health policies on alcohol and tobacco reduce a cancer epidemic? Australia's experience
Models | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head and neck cancer, Coef. (95% CI) | Lung cancer, Coef. (95% CI) | Breast cancer, Coef. (95% CI) | Colorectum cancer, Coef. (95% CI) | Liver cancer, Coef. (95% CI) | All cancer sites, Coef. (95% CI) | |
Separate relation of alcohol and tobacco policies to cancer mortality | ||||||
 Alcohola | ||||||
  Liquor licence liberalisation in the 1960s | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)*** | 0.17 (− 0.10 to 0.44) | − 0.05 (− 0.25 to 0.15) | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.27)*** | 0.01 (− 0.09 to 0.11) | 0.22 (− 0.47 to 0.90) |
  RBT introduced in Victoria in 1976 and fully implemented in all states in 1982 | − 0.06 (− 0.08 to − 0.03)*** | − 0.23 (− 0.47 to 0.01) | − 0.40 (− 0.62 to − 0.17)** | − 0.18 (− 0.27 to − 0.09)*** | 0.03 (− 0.06 to 0.11) | − 1.25 (− 2.01 to − 0.49)** |
 Tobaccob | ||||||
  Release of RCOP and USSG reports in 1962 and 1964 and health media campaigns about the dangers of tobacco in 1967 | − 0.04 (− 0.06 to − 0.01)** | − 0.03 (− 0.19 to 0.12) | − 0.05 (− 0.23 to 0.14) | − 0.15 (− 0.31 to 0.01) | 0.01 (− 0.08 to 0.12) | 0.05 (− 0.80 to 0.90) |
  Cigarette ads banned on TV and radio in 1976 | − 0.07 (− 0.11 to − 0.02)** | − 0.23 (− 0.43 to 0.03)* | − 0.44 (− 0.68 to − 0.20)*** | − 0.26 (− 0.47 to − 0.05)* | 0.00 (− 0.10 to 0.10) | − 1.24 (− 2.34 to − 0.14)* |
  Tobacco ads banned in print media in December 1986 and smoke-free workplace rules and health warning label introduced in 1987 | 0.04 (− 0.03 to 0.10) | − 0.04 (− 0.28 to 0.20) | 0.02 (− 0.27 to 0.31) | 0.24 (− 0.01 to 0.50) | 0.02 (− 0.09 to 0.14) | 0.19 (− 1.09 to 1.46) |
 Joint relation of alcohol and tobacco policies to cancer mortalitya,b | ||||||
  Liquor licence liberalisation in the 1960s | 0.04 (− 0.10 to 0.17) | 0.05 (− 0.48 to 0.58) | 1.19 (0.79 to 1.59)*** | 0.41 (− 0.10 to 0.97) | − 0.03 (− 0.10 to 0.05) | 1.11 (− 0.53 to 2.75) |
  RBT introduced in Victoria in 1976 and fully implemented in all states in 1982 | − 0.41 (− 0.66 to − 0.15)** | 0.19 (− 0.06 to 0.45) | − 0.99(− 1.69 to − 0.28)** | − 0.91 (− 1.74 to − 0.08)* | 0.06 (− 0.05 to 0.17) | − 0.69 (− 1.09 to − 0.28)** |
  Release of RCOP and USSG reports in 1962 and 1964 and health media campaigns about the dangers of tobacco in 1967 | − 0.25 (− 0.46 to − 0.04)* | − 0.42 (− 0.83 to − 0.01)* | − 0.369(− 0.98 to 0.20) | − 0.15 (− 0.86 to 0.56) | − 0.07 (− 0.18 to 0.04) | − 3.91 (− 5.74 to − 2.09)*** |
  Cigarette ads banned on TV and radio in 1976 | − 0.08 (− 0.57 to 0.40) | − 0.37 (− 0.49 to − 0.25)*** | − 0.25 (− 0.44 to − 0.06)** | − 0.06 (− 0.31 to 0.18) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.05) | − 1.76 (− 2.79 to − 0.72)** |
  Tobacco ads banned in print media in December 1986 and smoke-free workplace rules and health warning labels introduced in 1987 | − 0.01 (− 0.07 to 0.06) | − 0.13 (− 0.27 to 0.01) | − 0.21 (− 0.42 to − 0.01)* | 0.05 (− 0.33 to 0.42) | 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.05) | 0.20 (− 0.50 to 0.90) |