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Table 2 Adverse perinatal outcomes in exposed women and the matched comparison group, stratified by therapy comparison. Data presented are numbers (percentage) of outcomes and hazard ratios (95% confidence interval)

From: Use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies during pregnancy is not associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based cohort study

 

Aim 1

Aim 2

Bupropion vs unexposed

Varenicline vs unexposed

NRT vs unexposed

Varenicline vs NRT

Bupropion

Unexposed#

HR (95% CI)†

Varenicline

Unexposed#

HR (95% CI)†

NRT

Unexposed#

HR (95% CI)†

Varenicline

NRT#

HR (95% CI)

Any adverse outcome

91 (39.2%)

912 (39.3%)

0.93 (0.73–1.19)

390 (36.9%)

4240 (40.1%)

0.86 (0.77–0.97)

147 (44.8%)

1520 (46.3%)

1.02 (0.84–1.23)

67 (38.7%)

89 (51.4%)

0.58 (0.33–1.05)‡

 Preterm

12 (5.2%)

192 (8.3%)

0.62 (0.34–1.11)

69 (6.5%)

941 (8.9%)

0.72 (0.56–0.92)

36 (11.0%)

358 (10.9%)

1.00 (0.71–1.42)

6 (3.5%)

21 (12.1%)

0.29 (0.12–0.71)†

 Small for gestation age*

37 (16.2%)

369 (16.1%)

0.89 (0.60–1.30)

119 (11.4%)

1612 (15.4%)

0.68 (0.56–0.83)

47 (14.4%)

578 (17.7%)

0.77 (0.56–1.07)

26 (15.3%)

25 (14.7%)

1.09 (0.48–2.47)†

 Admission to special neonatal care*

32 (14.0%)

325 (14.2%)

0.90 (0.62–1.32)

163 (15.6%)

1622 (15.5%)

0.95 (0.80–1.13)

66 (20.2%)

692 (21.2%)

0.97 (0.74–1.26)

22 (12.9%)

38 (22.4%)

0.59 (0.32–1.10)†

 Severe neonatal morbidity complications*

15 (6.6%)

157 (6.9%)

0.87 (0.50–1.52)

69 (6.6%)

855 (8.2%)

0.74 (0.57–0.96)

27 (8.3%)

345 (10.6%)

0.82 (0.55–1.23)

13 (7.6%)

19 (11.2%)

0.60 (0.26–1.37)†

 Emergency caesarean

34 (14.7%)

289 (12.5%)

1.15 (0.78–1.71)

123 (11.6%)

1310 (12.4%)

0.88 (0.71–1.08)

37 (11.3%)

421 (12.8%)

1.01 (0.70–1.45)

20 (11.6%)

26 (15.0%)

0.47 (0.20–1.09)†

 Severe maternal morbidity complications

5 (2.2%)

49 (2.1%)

0.95 (0.37–2.43)

17 (1.6%)

172 (1.6%)

0.92 (0.53–1.59)

10 (3.0%)

79 (2.4%)

1.22 (0.60–2.46)

6 (3.5%)

6 (3.5%)

0.75 (0.17–3.35)†

 PPROM

< 5

73 (3.1%)

–

36 (3.4%)

360 (3.4%)

1.02 (0.72–1.44)

16 (4.9%)

139 (4.2%)

1.15 (0.68–1.94)

< 5

9 (5.2%)

–

 Apgar 5 min < 7*

< 5

44 (1.9%)

–

14 (1.3%)

288 (2.8%)

0.47 (0.27–0.81)

6 (1.8%)

105 (3.2%)

0.59 (0.25–1.37)

< 5

5 (2.9%)

–

 Placenta abruption

< 5

15 (0.6%)

–

9 (0.9%)

97 (0.9%)

0.97 (0.49–1.93)

< 5

34 (1.0%)

–

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

–

 Perinatal death

< 5

19 (0.8%)

–

13 (1.2%)

122 (1.2%)

1.01 (0.57–1.80)

< 5

30 (0.9%)

–

< 5

< 5

–

  1. *Among live births
  2. #Reference group
  3. †For aim 1, hazard ratio was obtained from the univariate model. For aim 2, multivariable model did not converge; thus, univariate hazard ratio was reported
  4. ‡Hazard ratio was obtained from the multivariable Cox model which further adjusted for maternal age, having a partner, private health insurance, socio-economic disadvantage, previous caesarean section, prior hospitalisation, mental health, anaemia and coagulation disorders, and drug and alcohol disorders. In the matched sample, these co-variables had standardised difference > 0.10 and frequency ≥ 5
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