Prevention and management of CVD in LMICs: why do ethnicity, culture, and context matter?

Table 1 Prevalence of risk factors by country income groups

Risk factors, % of population	Low income	Low middle income	Upper middle income	High income
Tobacco use, men	31	32	43	33
Tobacco use, women	3	3	5	18
Insufficient physical activity	17	17	25	33
Overweight	21	27	43	56
High blood pressure	28	25	20	19
High cholesterol	24	32	46	59
High fasting glucose	7	9	9	7

Populations referred to are adults 18 years or older, except for tobacco use (15 years or older) and high cholesterol (25 years or older). Overweight defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m², high blood pressure as ≥140 mmHg (systolic) or > 90 mmHg (diastolic), high cholesterol as ≥5.0 mmol/L, and high fasting glucose as ≥7.0 mmol/L.
Adapted from [6]

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