Fig. 2

Hyperacute HIV is associated with multicollinearity among the elevated cytokines. a Correlation analyses for all participants at each time point among the cytokines that constituted the cytokine storm (except IFN-alpha) in hyperacute HIV infection, N = 20 (12 untreated hyperacute HIV-infected participants and 8 ART early-treated hyperacute HIV-infected individuals). The colors show Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficients (rho) for the correlations that had P < 0.05. White squares indicate associations that were not statistically significant. b The kinetics of the first and second principal components (derived from cytokines that constituted the storm except for IFN-alpha which was detected at only one time point) among untreated participants. c The kinetics of the first and second principal components (derived from cytokines that constituted the storm except for IFN-alpha) among ART early-treated participants. Cytokine levels for one of the untreated participants were measured 434 days instead of 238–263 days after the detection of viremia. In b and c, every line represents a participant (untreated hyperacute HIV-infected participants, N = 10; ART early-treated hyperacute HIV-infected individuals, N = 6). Statistical test used in b and c: Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001