Table 1 Characteristics of the participants
Characteristics | Participants at baselinea (n = 278,065) | All observationsb (n = 567,557) |
|---|---|---|
Age, years | 40.9 (13.0) | 43.1 (12.6) |
Male, n (%) | 138,499 (49.8) | 291,103 (51.3) |
Education, n (%) | ||
 Lower than high school | 48,922 (17.6) | 89,013 (15.7) |
 High school | 57,474 (20.7) | 114,118 (20.1) |
 College or university | 140,069 (50.4) | 292,624 (51.6) |
 Postgraduate | 31,600 (11.4) | 71,802 (12.7) |
Smoking status, n (%) | ||
 Never | 203,559 (73.2) | 423,491 (74.6) |
 Former | 16,459 (5.9) | 35,416 (6.2) |
 Current | 58,047 (20.9) | 108,650 (19.1) |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||
 Never | 236,829 (85.2) | 481,559 (84.8) |
 Former | 26,887 (9.7) | 56,962 (10.0) |
 Current | 14,349 (5.2) | 29,036 (5.1) |
Physical labour at work, n (%) | ||
 Mostly sedentary | 172,458 (62.0) | 370,365 (65.3) |
 Sedentary with occasional walking | 74,984 (27.0) | 143,804 (25.3) |
 Mostly standing or walking | 24,448 (8.8) | 43,375 (7.6) |
 Hard labour | 6175 (2.2) | 10,013 (1.8) |
Physical activity (PA) | ||
 Category, n (%) | ||
  Inactive | 137,261 (49.4) | 252,724 (44.5) |
  Low | 56,196 (20.2) | 115,971 (20.4) |
  Medium | 47,910 (17.2) | 110,636 (19.5) |
  High | 36,698 (13.2) | 88,226 (15.5) |
Continuous (kcal/kg/h) | ||
 MET-h, median (IQR) | 3.8 (9.8) | 3.8 (10.9) |
Vegetable intake, n (%) | ||
 Seldom | 38,671 (13.9) | 66,845 (11.8) |
 Moderate | 164,130 (59.0) | 332,228 (58.5) |
 Frequent | 75,264 (27.1) | 168,484 (29.7) |
Fruit intake, n (%) | ||
 Seldom | 91,781 (33.0) | 160,836 (28.3) |
 Moderate | 151,789 (54.6) | 324,741 (57.2) |
 Frequent | 34,495 (12.4) | 81,980 (14.4) |
Occupational exposure (solvent/dust), n (%) | 22,978 (8.3) | 44,180 (7.8) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.2 (3.7) | 23.3 (3.6) |
Hypertension, n (%)c | 46,614 (16.8) | 97,116 (17.1) |
Diabetes, n (%) d | 14,041 (5.0) | 30,166 (5.3) |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 8912 (3.2) | 19,505 (3.4) |
Dyslipidaemia, n (%)e | 69,343 (24.9) | 142,123 (25.0) |
Cancer, n (%) | 3500 (1.3) | 8909 (1.6) |
FVC (l) | 2.9 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.2) |
FEV1 (l) | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.1) |
MMEF (l/s) | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.5) |
PM2.5 (μg/m3)f | 26.7 (7.8) | 26.6 (7.5) |
PM2.5 by PA categories | ||
 Inactive | 26.7 (7.7) | 26.6 (7.5) |
 Low | 26.8 (7.7) | 26.7 (7.5) |
 Medium | 26.9 (7.8) | 26.8 (7.6) |
 High | 26.5 (7.8) | 26.4 (7.5) |