Fig. 2

Malaria transmission, G6PD deficiency, and risk of pneumococcal bacteremia. a Age-standardized, annual malaria parasite prevalence in Kilifi, Kenya, as estimated from parasite prevalence among trauma admissions [24, 25]. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals illustrated with red, dashed line. Pre-decline (pre-2000), decline (2000–2006), and post-decline (post-2006) periods used in the analysis are depicted. b Left panels: Log-transformed odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of G6PD deficiency association with pneumococcal bacteremia risk in pre-decline, decline, and post-decline study periods. Right panels: Posterior probabilities of models of association with G6PD deficiency: “null,” no association with pneumococcal bacteremia in any time period; “same,” the same effect on bacteremia in all three time periods; and “pre-decline alone,” a non-zero effect on pneumococcal bacteremia in the pre-decline time period alone. Association statistics and model posterior probabilities are presented under additive (top), G6PD deficiency risk (middle), and G6PD heterozygous risk (bottom) models