Programmatic options for monitoring malaria in elimination settings: easy access group surveys to investigate Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology in two regions with differing endemicity in Haiti

Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) resulting from mixed effects regression models according to negative binomial for all venues combined in Artibonite and negative binomial for primary schools and logistic model for health facilities in Grand’Anse for hsRDT positivity, with the sampling venue as the random effect

Variable	AOR	95% CI	p value
Artibonite***
Male	1.96	1.07–3.59	0.029
Fever*	3.04	1.05–8.78	0.040
Age (years)	1.02	1.01–1.04	0.012
Grand’Anse
Primary schools
Fever*	2.83	1.20–6.65	0.017
Male	1.65	0.99–2.73	0.051
Household size	1.10	0.99–1.22	0.067
Commune—low**	0.02	0.004–0.13	< 0.001
Health facility
Fever*	1.26	1.21–1.31	< 0.001
Male	1.06	1.03–1.08	< 0.001
Commune—Low**	0.93	0.85–1.01	0.093

*Fever is defined as current fever (≥ 37.5 °C) or self-reported history of fever in the past 2 weeks
**Low burden communes defined by hsRDT positivity < 10% including Moron (2.4%), Dame Marie (5.4%), and Chambellan (1.6%) with Anse-d’Hainault (12.7%) and Les Irois (13.6%) being high burden
***Bednet ownership was included in the model due to its improving model fit (AIC), but the resulting estimate was not precise with a high p value so it was not included in the table (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.25–1.42, p value 0.238)

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