Table 1 Characteristics (n (%)) of study participants according to PPD status
Total n = 1583 | PPD n = 138 (7.9%) | No PPD n = 1445 (92.2%) | pvalue* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||||
Pre-pregnancy BMI, mean ± SD | 24.3 ± 4.4 | 25.2 ± 4.8 | 24.2 ± 4.4 | 0.01 | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI category | 0.01 | ||||
BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 1047 (66.1) | 74 (53.6) | 973 (67.3) | ||
BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 352 (22.2) | 41 (29.7) | 311 (21.5) | ||
BMI 30.0–40.0 kg/m2 | 184 (11.6) | 23 (16.7) | 163 (11.1) | ||
Excessive GWG | 722 (45.6) | 74 (53.6) | 648 (44.9) | < 0.05 | |
Parity | 0.10 | ||||
0 | 930 (58.8) | 93 (67.4) | 837 (57.9) | ||
1 | 536 (33.9) | 37 (26.8) | 499 (34.5) | ||
≥ 2 | 117 (7.4) | 8 (5.8) | 109 (7.5) | ||
Demographic factors | |||||
Age, mean ± SD | 30.4 ± 4.4 | 29.8 ± 4.7 | 30.4 ± 4.4 | 0.10 | |
Educational level | |||||
High school or others | 930 (58.8) | 93 (67.4) | 837 (57.9) | 0.03 | |
University | 653 (41.3) | 45 (32.6) | 608 (42.1) | ||
Married | 1057 (66.8) | 76 (55.1) | 981 (67.9) | < 0.01 | |
Living alone | 47 (3.0) | 7 (5.1) | 40 (2.8) | 0.13 | |
Lifestyle and metabolic factors | |||||
Alcohol consumption | 481 (30.4) | 47 (34.1) | 434 (30.0) | 0.33 | |
Smoking | 80 (5.1) | 13 (9.4) | 67 (4.6) | 0.01 | |
Low level of physical activity° | 802 (50.9) | 72 (52.2) | 730 (50.5) | 0.71 | |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 155 (10.2) | 18 (13.4) | 137 (9.9) | 0.19 | |
Psychological factors | |||||
Antenatal history of anxiety/depressive symptoms°° | 60 (41.7) | 94 (68.1) | 566 (39.2) | < .0001 | |