Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review
Region and study | Design | Setting | Diagnosis | Country | Vaccine | Period | Sample (cases) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | |||||||
 Voorhoeve# (1978) [26] | Surveillance | Population | C, S | Kenya | wP | 1974–19077 | 1078 (138) |
 Ramkissoon (1991) [27] | Clinical trial | Population | S | South Africa | wP | 1988 | 112 (3) |
 Strebel (1991) [28] | Surveillance | Hospital | C, S | South Africa | wP | 1989 | 34 (3) |
 Simondon (1997) [29] | Clinical trial | Population | C, P, S | Senegal | wP and aP | 1990–1995 | 3619 (193) |
 Anukam# (2004) [30] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C | Nigeria | wP | 1997–2000 | 296 (22) |
 Lassmann (2008) [31] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Gabon | wP | 2003–2004 | 99 (6) |
 Jusot# (2014) [32] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Niger | wP | 2010–2011 | 305 (34) |
 Kayina (2016) [33] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Uganda | wP | 2013 | 449 (67) |
 Barger-Kamate (2016) [24] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Multinational | wP and aP | 2011–2014 | 3451 (52) |
 Gill (2016) [34] | Cohort | Population | P | Zambia | wP | 2015 | 775 (10) |
 Hallbauer# (2016) [35] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | South Africa | aP | 2008–2015 | 1259 (183) |
 Muloiwa# (2016) [36] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | South Africa | aP | 2011–2012 | 460 (41) |
 Nunes (2016) [37] | Clinical trial | Population | P | South Africa | aP | 2011–2012 | 1644 (79) |
 Soofie (2016) [38] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | South Africa | aP | 2015 | 1839 (42) |
 Zar (2016) [39] | Cohort | Population | P | South Africa | aP | 2012–2014 | 284 (16) |
 du Plessis# (2018) [40] | Surveillance | Hospital | C, P | South Africa | aP | 2013–2015 | 990 (76) |
Eastern Mediterranean | |||||||
 Al-Bargish# (1999) [41] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C | Iran | wP | 1996 | 133 (67) |
 Kakar (2009) [42] | Surveillance | Hospital | C | Afghanistan | wP | 2006–2007 | 203 (7) |
 Ghanaie# (2010) [43] | Cross-sectional | Population | C, P | Iran | wP | 2007–2008 | 328 (27) |
 Bokhari# (2011) [44] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Pakistan | wP | 2005–2009 | 802 (64) |
 Hajia (2012) [45] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Iran | wP | 2008–2011 | 138 (12) |
 Mughal (2012) [46] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C | Pakistan | wP | 2004–2006 | 700 (22) |
 Zouari# (2012) [47] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Tunisia | wP | 2007–2011 | 599 (120) |
 Bahari (2013) [48] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C | Iran | wP | 2008–2012 | 156 (7) |
 Nikbin (2013) [49] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Iran | wP | 2009–2010 | 779 (100) |
 Saffar (2014) [50] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Iran | wP | 2008–2012 | 518 (43) |
 Sedaghat# (2014) [51] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Iran | wP | 2004–2008 | 347 (30) |
 Benamrouche (2016) [52] | Surveillance | Hospital | C, P | Algeria | wP | 2012–2013 | 246 (123) |
 Ghorbani (2016) [53] | Surveillance | Hospital | P | Iran | wP | 2011–2013 | 3629 (239) |
 Omer (2016) [54] | Surveillance | Hospital | P | Pakistan | wP | 2015–2016 | 2021 (8) |
 Katfy# (2017) [55] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Morocco | wP | 2013–2015 | 156 (88) |
 Ben Fraji# (2018) [56] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Tunisia | wP | 2007–2017 | 1844 (306) |
 Dumaidi (2018) [57] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | West Bank | wP | 2004–2008 | 267 (130) |
 Mohammadzadeh (2018) [58] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Iran | wP | 2015–2016 | 184 (43) |
Europe | |||||||
 Lukić-Grlić# (1999) [59] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, S | Croatia | wP | 1988–1994 | 201 (2) |
 Daǧla (2004) [60] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C | Turkey | wP | 2001–2003 | 66 (2) |
 Aksakal (2007) [61] | Cross-sectional | Population | S | Turkey | wP | 2004 | 307 (51) |
 Yıldırım (2008) [62] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P, S | Turkey | wP | 2005–2006 | 148 (16) |
 Medkova (2010) [63] | Cross-sectional | Unclear | C, P | Russian Fed. | wP | Unknown | 172 (81) |
 Gürsel (2012) [64] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P, S | Turkey | aP | 2009–2010 | 51 (6) |
 Karlı (2013) [65] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Turkey | aP | 2008–2012 | 40 (6) |
 Uslu (2013) [66] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Turkey | aP | 2012 | 173 (48) |
 Dinu (2014) [67] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P, S | Romania | aP | 2012–2013 | 51 (14) |
 Karagül (2014) [68] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Turkey | aP | 2010–2011 | 214 (26) |
 Öksüz# (2014) [69] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Turkey | aP | 2010–2013 | 410 (106) |
 Aslan (2016) [70] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Turkey | aP | 2013–2014 | 101 (20) |
 Goktas (2016) [71] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Turkey | aP | 2014–2015 | 845 (15) |
 Gökçe (2018) [72] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Turkey | aP | 2013–2016 | 172 (44) |
South-East Asia | |||||||
 Singh (1987) [73] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C | India | wP | c.1986 | 560 (20) |
 Dahiya (2009) [74] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | India | wP | 2007–2007 | 21 (2) |
 Barger-Kamate (2016) [24] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Multinational | wP | 2011–2014 | 749 (1) |
 Das (2016) [75] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | India | wP | 2013–2014 | 180 (7) |
 Siriyakorn (2016) [76] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Thailand | wP | 2010–2011 | 76 (14) |
 Hughes# (2017) [77] | Cohort | Population | P | Nepal | wP | 2011–2014 | 2026 (17) |
 Chinthate (2018) [78] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Thailand | wP | 2016–2017 | 70 (7) |
The Americas | |||||||
 Cooper (1983) [79] | Surveillance | Hospital | C, S | St Lucia | wP | 1981 | 10 (2) |
 Baptista (2006) [80] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C | Brazil | wP | 2003 | 287 (51) |
 Kowalzik (2007) [25] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Multinational | wP and aP | 2001–2004 | 181 (19) |
 Sandoval (2008) [81] | Cross-sectional | Population | P | Mexico | wP | 2002–2003 | 61 (20) |
 Nieto Guevara (2010) [82] | Surveillance | Hospital | C, P | Panama | wP and aP | 2001–2008 | 759 (178) |
 Astudillo (2011) [83] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Colombia | wP | 2006–2007 | 133 (45) |
 Leite (2012) [84] | Surveillance | Hospital | C | Brazil | wP | 2006–2008 | 652 (132) |
 Ferronato (2013) [85] | Cohort | Hospital | C, P | Brazil | wP | 2009–2012 | 57 (25) |
 Ochoa-Perez (2014) [86] | Surveillance | Hospital | C, P | Mexico | aP | 2011–2012 | 147 (59) |
 Vaz-de-Lima (2014) [87] | Surveillance | Hospital | P | Brazil | wP | 2009–2012 | 503 (66) |
 Castillo (2015) [88] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Peru | wP | 2010–2012 | 392 (155) |
 Pavic-Espinoza (2015) [89] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Peru | wP | 2009–2010 | 596 (114) |
 Pimentel (2015) [90] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Brazil | wP | 2010–2011 | 192 (10) |
 del Valle-Mendoza (2015) [91] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Peru | wP | 2010–2013 | 133 (51) |
 Bailon# (2016) [92] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Peru | wP | 2012 | 840 (191) |
 Aquino-Andrade# (2017) [93] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Mexico | aP | 2011–2014 | 286 (192) |
 Phadke (2018)# [94] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Guatemala | wP | 2009–2012 | 301 (11) |
 del Valle-Mendoza (2018) [95] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Peru | wP | 2016–2017 | 88 (18) |
Western Pacific | |||||||
 Ong (1978) [96] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C | Malaysia | wP | 1974 | 65 (1) |
 Lin (2010) [97] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | China | wP | 2008–2009 | 1001 (99) |
 Mi (2013) [98] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | China | wP | 2011–2012 | 176 (51) |
 Ting (2013) [99] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | Malaysia | wP | 2011 | 707 (275) |
 Huang (2014) [100] | Surveillance | Population | P | China | wP and aP | 2010–2012 | 1022 (113) |
 Liu (2014) [101] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | China | wP | 2013 | 148 (101) |
 Wang (2014) [102] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | C, P | China | wP and aP | 2012–2013 | 313 (122) |
 Hu (2015) [103] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | China | aP | 2013–2014 | 2536 (247) |
 Moriuchi (2017) [104] | Cross-sectional | Unclear | P | Cambodia | wP | 2008–2016 | 651 (82) |
 Sadiasa (2017) [105] | Cross-sectional | Hospital | P | Philippines | wP | 2012–2015 | 1152 (34) |