Table 1 Baseline characteristics (n = 5702)
Outcomes | |
|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |
 Maternal age at enrolment (years) | 29.5 (5.1) |
 Non-European ethnicity, n (%) | 2362 (41.4) |
 Educational level | |
  Primary or no education, n (%) | 667 (11.7) |
  Secondary, n (%) | 2644 (46.4) |
  Higher, n (%) | 2391 (41.9) |
 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |
  Normal or underweight (< 25.0), n (%) | 4081 (71.6) |
  Overweight (25.0–30.0), n (%) | 1143 (20.0) |
  Obesity (≥ 30.0), n (%) | 478 (8.4) |
 Nulliparous, n (%) | 3506 (61.5) |
 Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 1642 (28.8) |
 No folic acid supplementation, n (%) | 1609 (28.2) |
 Gestational age at blood sampling (weeks) | 13.4 (10.5 to 17.2) |
 Glucose levels (mmol/L) | 4.4 (0.8) |
Foetal characteristics | |
 Mid-pregnancy measurements, n (%) | 5499 (96.4) |
  Gestational age (weeks) | 20.5 (19.1 to 22.6) |
  Head circumference (mm) | 179 (13) |
  Femur length (mm) | 33 (3) |
  Abdominal circumference (mm) | 156 (14) |
  Estimated foetal weight (g) | 372 (77) |
 Late pregnancy measurements, n (%) | 5486 (96.2) |
  Gestational age (weeks) | 30.4 (29.0 to 32.2) |
  Head circumference (mm) | 285 (12) |
  Femur length (mm) | 57 (3) |
  Abdominal circumference (mm) | 263 (16) |
  Estimated foetal weight (g) | 1604 (177) |
Birth characteristics | |
 Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 40.1 (36.9 to 42.1) |
 Boy, n (%) | 2880 (50.5) |
 Birth measurements, n (%) | 5666 (99.4) |
  Head circumference (mm) | 338 (17) |
  Length (mm) | 502 (24) |
  Birth weight (g) | 3401 (560) |
 Gestational hypertension, n (%) | 218 (3.8) |
 Pre-eclampsia, n (%) | 139 (2.4) |
  Early onset (< 34 weeks of gestation), n | 18 |
  Late onset (> 34 weeks of gestation), n | 121 |
 NICU admission | 595 (10.4) |