Fig. 2

The impact of the 14 intervention programmes. a Total effectiveness (direct and indirect effects) of each intervention programme at preventing five healthcare outcomes (symptomatic infection, hospital admission, death, GP consultations, and bed days). b Efficiency of programmes. c, d Effectiveness of each intervention strategies in terms of direct (grey) and indirect effects for symptomatic infection (c) and hospitalised cases (d). e Median age of primary infection for long-acting monoclonal antibodies and maternal vaccines