|
Fracture site/diet group
|
Predicted incidencea
|
Absolute rate differenceb
|
|---|
|
Per 1000 person-years
|
Per 1000 people over 10 years
|
Per 1000 person-years
|
Per 1000 people over 10 years
|
|---|
|
Total fractures
|
|
Meat eaters
|
4.8 (4.6, 5.1)
|
47.2 (44.9, 49.7)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
4.6 (4.2, 5.0)
|
44.8 (41.0, 49.0)
|
− 0.2 (− 0.6, 0.2)
|
− 2.4 (− 6.2, 1.8)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
5.3 (4.9, 5.6)
|
51.3 (48.0, 54.8)
|
0.4 (0.1, 0.8)
|
4.1 (0.8, 7.6)
|
|
Vegans
|
6.9 (5.8, 8.1)
|
66.6 (56.8, 78.1)
|
2.0 (1.0, 3.3)
|
19.4 (9.6, 30.9)
|
|
Total fractures in men
|
|
Meat eaters
|
3.9 (3.4, 4.4)
|
37.9 (33.4, 42.8)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
3.6 (2.9, 4.5)
|
35.5 (28.5, 44.3)
|
− 0.2 (− 1.0, 0.7)
|
− 2.3 (− 9.4, 6.4)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
4.1 (3.5, 4.7)
|
40.0 (34.9, 45.8)
|
0.2 (− 0.3, 0.8)
|
2.1 (− 3.0, 7.9)
|
|
Vegans
|
4.5 (3.4, 6.1)
|
44.3 (33.2, 59.1)
|
0.7 (− 0.5, 2.2)
|
6.5 (− 4.7, 21.3)
|
|
Total fractures in women
|
|
Meat eaters
|
5.1 (4.8, 5.4)
|
49.9 (47.2, 52.7)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
4.9 (4.4, 5.4)
|
47.5 (43.1, 52.3)
|
− 0.3 (− 0.7, 0.3)
|
− 2.4 (− 6.8, 2.4)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
5.6 (5.2, 6.0)
|
54.5 (50.5, 58.8)
|
0.5 (0.1, 0.9)
|
4.6 (0.6, 8.9)
|
|
Vegans
|
7.8 (6.4, 9.5)
|
75.1 (62.0, 90.9)
|
2.7 (1.3, 4.4)
|
25.2 (12.1, 41.0)
|
|
Arm fractures
|
|
Meat eaters
|
0.7 (0.6, 0.8)
|
6.7 (5.8, 7.6)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
0.6 (0.5, 0.8)
|
6.1 (4.8, 7.9)
|
− 0.1 (− 0.2, 0.1)
|
− 0.5 (− 1.9, 1.2)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
0.8 (0.7, 1.0)
|
8.3 (7.0, 9.9)
|
0.2 (0.0, 0.3)
|
1.6 (0.3, 3.2)
|
|
Vegans
|
1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
|
10.4 (6.8, 15.8)
|
0.4 (0.0, 0.9)
|
3.7 (0.1, 9.2)
|
|
Wrist fractures
|
|
Meat eaters
|
1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
|
10.7 (9.7, 11.9)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
1.0 (0.8, 1.2)
|
9.7 (8.0, 11.6)
|
− 0.1 (− 0.3, 0.1)
|
− 1.1 (− 2.7, 0.9)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
1.1 (0.9, 1.2)
|
10.7 (9.2, 12.4)
|
0.0 (− 0.1, 0.2)
|
0.0 (− 1.5, 1.7)
|
|
Vegans
|
1.3 (0.9, 1.9)
|
13.2 (9.2, 19.1)
|
0.3 (− 0.2, 0.8)
|
2.5 (− 1.6, 8.4)
|
|
Hip fractures
|
|
Meat eaters
|
1.2 (1.0, 1.3)
|
11.5 (10.4, 12.8)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
1.5 (1.2, 1.7)
|
14.5 (12.1, 17.3)
|
0.3 (0.1, 0.6)
|
2.9 (0.6, 5.7)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
1.5 (1.2, 1.7)
|
14.4 (12.4, 16.8)
|
0.3 (0.1, 0.5)
|
2.9 (0.9, 5.2)
|
|
Vegans
|
2.7 (2.0, 3.7)
|
26.5 (19.4, 36.0)
|
1.5 (0.8, 2.5)
|
14.9 (7.9, 24.5)
|
|
Leg fractures
|
|
Meat eaters
|
0.4 (0.4, 0.5)
|
4.3 (3.6, 5.1)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
0.5 (0.3, 0.6)
|
4.6 (3.5, 6.1)
|
0.0 (− 0.1, 0.2)
|
0.3 (− 0.8, 1.8)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
0.4 (0.3, 0.5)
|
4.3 (3.4, 5.5)
|
0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)
|
0.0 (− 0.9, 1.2)
|
|
Vegans
|
0.9 (0.5, 1.4)
|
8.8 (5.5, 14.1)
|
0.5 (0.1, 1.0)
|
4.5 (1.2, 9.8)
|
|
Ankle fractures
|
|
Meat eaters
|
0.6 (0.5, 0.7)
|
6.3 (5.5, 7.2)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
0.5 (0.4, 0.7)
|
5.3 (4.1, 6.8)
|
− 0.1 (− 0.2, 0.1)
|
− 1.0 (− 2.2, 0.5)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
0.6 (0.5, 0.8)
|
6.4 (5.3, 7.7)
|
0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)
|
0.1 (− 1.0, 1.4)
|
|
Vegans
|
0.7 (0.4, 1.1)
|
6.5 (3.7, 11.2)
|
0.0 (− 0.3, 0.5)
|
0.2 (− 2.6, 4.9)
|
|
Other main site fracturesc
|
|
Meat eaters
|
0.5 (0.5, 0.6)
|
5.4 (4.7, 6.3)
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
|
Fish eaters
|
0.5 (0.4, 0.7)
|
5.4 (4.1, 6.9)
|
0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)
|
− 0.1 (− 1.3, 1.5)
|
|
Vegetarians
|
0.5 (0.4, 0.7)
|
5.4 (4.4, 6.5)
|
0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)
|
− 0.1 (− 1.0, 1.1)
|
|
Vegans
|
0.9 (0.6, 1.3)
|
8.7 (5.7, 13.1)
|
0.3 (0.0, 0.8)
|
3.2 (0.3, 7.7)
|
- aFor meat eaters, calculated as (1 − Sr) × 1000, where Sr = (1 − observed incidence in meat eaters), representing the average survival (or non-incidence) rate in the meat eaters, or Sr = (1 − observed incidence in meat eaters)10, representing the predicted 10-year survival rate in the meat eaters. For all other diet groups, calculated as (1 − SrHR) × 1000, where HR represents the hazard ratio or confidence intervals of the hazard ratio for each outcome in that diet group, and SrHR represents either the predicted average survival or the predicted 10-year survival rate in the diet group, as indicated in the column heading. Hazard ratios and confidence intervals were based on covariate adjustment as listed for Table 2 model 2 or Table 5 (for total fractures in men and women), and expressed as floating absolute risks
- bCalculated as the difference between the predicted incidence per 1000 person-years or per 1000 people over 10 years between each diet group and the meat eaters
- cDefined as fractures of the clavicle, rib, or vertebra
