Fracture site/diet group | Predicted incidencea | Absolute rate differenceb | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Per 1000 person-years | Per 1000 people over 10 years | Per 1000 person-years | Per 1000 people over 10 years | |
Total fractures | ||||
 Meat eaters | 4.8 (4.6, 5.1) | 47.2 (44.9, 49.7) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 4.6 (4.2, 5.0) | 44.8 (41.0, 49.0) | − 0.2 (− 0.6, 0.2) | − 2.4 (− 6.2, 1.8) |
 Vegetarians | 5.3 (4.9, 5.6) | 51.3 (48.0, 54.8) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) | 4.1 (0.8, 7.6) |
 Vegans | 6.9 (5.8, 8.1) | 66.6 (56.8, 78.1) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.3) | 19.4 (9.6, 30.9) |
 Total fractures in men | ||||
 Meat eaters | 3.9 (3.4, 4.4) | 37.9 (33.4, 42.8) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 3.6 (2.9, 4.5) | 35.5 (28.5, 44.3) | − 0.2 (− 1.0, 0.7) | − 2.3 (− 9.4, 6.4) |
 Vegetarians | 4.1 (3.5, 4.7) | 40.0 (34.9, 45.8) | 0.2 (− 0.3, 0.8) | 2.1 (− 3.0, 7.9) |
 Vegans | 4.5 (3.4, 6.1) | 44.3 (33.2, 59.1) | 0.7 (− 0.5, 2.2) | 6.5 (− 4.7, 21.3) |
 Total fractures in women | ||||
 Meat eaters | 5.1 (4.8, 5.4) | 49.9 (47.2, 52.7) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 4.9 (4.4, 5.4) | 47.5 (43.1, 52.3) | − 0.3 (− 0.7, 0.3) | − 2.4 (− 6.8, 2.4) |
 Vegetarians | 5.6 (5.2, 6.0) | 54.5 (50.5, 58.8) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 4.6 (0.6, 8.9) |
 Vegans | 7.8 (6.4, 9.5) | 75.1 (62.0, 90.9) | 2.7 (1.3, 4.4) | 25.2 (12.1, 41.0) |
Arm fractures | ||||
 Meat eaters | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 6.7 (5.8, 7.6) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 6.1 (4.8, 7.9) | − 0.1 (− 0.2, 0.1) | − 0.5 (− 1.9, 1.2) |
 Vegetarians | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 8.3 (7.0, 9.9) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.3) | 1.6 (0.3, 3.2) |
 Vegans | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 10.4 (6.8, 15.8) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.9) | 3.7 (0.1, 9.2) |
Wrist fractures | ||||
 Meat eaters | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 10.7 (9.7, 11.9) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 9.7 (8.0, 11.6) | − 0.1 (− 0.3, 0.1) | − 1.1 (− 2.7, 0.9) |
 Vegetarians | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 10.7 (9.2, 12.4) | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.2) | 0.0 (− 1.5, 1.7) |
 Vegans | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 13.2 (9.2, 19.1) | 0.3 (− 0.2, 0.8) | 2.5 (− 1.6, 8.4) |
Hip fractures | ||||
 Meat eaters | 1.2 (1.0, 1.3) | 11.5 (10.4, 12.8) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 1.5 (1.2, 1.7) | 14.5 (12.1, 17.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 2.9 (0.6, 5.7) |
 Vegetarians | 1.5 (1.2, 1.7) | 14.4 (12.4, 16.8) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 2.9 (0.9, 5.2) |
 Vegans | 2.7 (2.0, 3.7) | 26.5 (19.4, 36.0) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.5) | 14.9 (7.9, 24.5) |
Leg fractures | ||||
 Meat eaters | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | 4.3 (3.6, 5.1) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 4.6 (3.5, 6.1) | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.2) | 0.3 (− 0.8, 1.8) |
 Vegetarians | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 4.3 (3.4, 5.5) | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | 0.0 (− 0.9, 1.2) |
 Vegans | 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) | 8.8 (5.5, 14.1) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.0) | 4.5 (1.2, 9.8) |
Ankle fractures | ||||
 Meat eaters | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 6.3 (5.5, 7.2) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 5.3 (4.1, 6.8) | − 0.1 (− 0.2, 0.1) | − 1.0 (− 2.2, 0.5) |
 Vegetarians | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 6.4 (5.3, 7.7) | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | 0.1 (− 1.0, 1.4) |
 Vegans | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 6.5 (3.7, 11.2) | 0.0 (− 0.3, 0.5) | 0.2 (− 2.6, 4.9) |
Other main site fracturesc | ||||
 Meat eaters | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | 5.4 (4.7, 6.3) | Reference | Reference |
 Fish eaters | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 5.4 (4.1, 6.9) | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | − 0.1 (− 1.3, 1.5) |
 Vegetarians | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 5.4 (4.4, 6.5) | 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1) | − 0.1 (− 1.0, 1.1) |
 Vegans | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 8.7 (5.7, 13.1) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.8) | 3.2 (0.3, 7.7) |