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Table 2 Clinical characteristics, multimorbidity, and medication use

From: Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and drug-drug-gene interactions following a non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: analysis of a multicentre observational study

Characteristic

Female, n = 396

Male, n = 1057

Adjusted p value†

All, n = 1456††

Demographics

 Age (years), mean (SD)

68.0 (11.6)

64.1 (11.6)

2.0 × 10−8

65.1 (11.7)

 BMI, median (IQR)

27.5 (24.2–32.5)

28.3 (25.4–31.5)

0.85

28.1 (25.0–31.6)

Comorbidities

 Smoking, n (%)

98 (24.7)

266 (25.2)

0.060

365 (25.1)

 Cardiovascular multimorbidity, n (%)

104 (26.2)

288 (27.2)

0.12

392 (26.9)

 Non-cardiovascular multimorbidity, n (%)

96 (24.2)

168 (15.9)

8.0 × 10−3

264 (18.1)

 All multimorbidity, n (%)†††

217 (54.8)

507 (48.0)

0.39

727 (49.9)

 Number of comorbidities, n (%)†††

  0

77 (19.4)

244 (23.1)

0.60

321 (22.0)

  1

102 (25.8)

306 (28.9)

408 (28.0)

  2

97 (24.5)

227 (21.5)

326 (22.4)

  3

56 (14.1)

155 (14.7)

212 (14.6)

  4–5

59 (14.9)

113 (10.7)

172 (11.8)

  6–7

5 (1.3)

12 (1.1)

17 (1.2)

Index NSTE-ACS

 Raised troponin, n (%)

378 (95.5)

1007 (95.3)

0.91

1388 (95.3)

 Coronary catheterisation, n (%)

250 (63.1)

723 (68.4)

0.49

974 (66.9)

 PCI/CABG, n (%)

156 (39.4)

502 (47.5)

0.082

659 (45.3)

Cardiovascular drugs at discharge

 Aspirin, n (%)

371 (93.7)

996 (94.2)

0.82

1370 (94.1)

 P2Y12 inhibitor, n (%)

334 (84.3)

899 (85.1)

0.89

1236 (84.9)

 ACEI/ARB, n (%)

318 (80.3)

871 (82.4)

0.61

1191 (81.8)

 Beta blocker, n (%)

300 (75.8)

889 (84.1)

1.8 × 10−3

1192 (81.9)

 Statin, n (%)

367 (92.7)

1006 (95.2)

0.14

1376 (94.5)

 Patients on all five secondary prevention cardiovascular drugs, n (%)‡

205 (51.8)

630 (59.6)

0.081

837 (57.5)

Drug use by category at discharge

 N = 698‡‡

n = 208

n = 490

 

n = 698

 Gastro-intestinal, n (%)

129 (62.0)

267 (54.5)

0.18

396 (56.7)

 Cardiovascular, n (%)

207 (99.5)

490 (100.0)

0.99

697 (99.9)

 Respiratory, n (%)

45 (21.6)

99 (20.2)

0.85

144 (20.6)

 Central nervous system, n (%)

85 (40.9)

160 (32.7)

0.026

245 (35.1)

 Infections, n (%)

17 (8.2)

33 (6.7)

0.65

50 (7.2)

 Endocrine, n (%)

83 (39.9)

136 (27.8)

0.012

219 (31.4)

 Nutrition and blood, n (%)

44 (21.2)

63 (12.9)

0.024

107 (15.3)

 Musculoskeletal, n (%)

36 (17.3)

65 (13.3)

0.37

101 (14.5)

 Eye, ear, nose, oropharynx, and skin, n (%)

10 (4.8)

28 (5.7)

0.33

38 (5.4)

 Other, n (%)

9 (4.3)

41 (8.4)

0.017

50 (7.2)

Numbers of drugs at discharge

 Number of cardiovascular drugs/patient, median (IQR, range)

6 (5–6, 0–9)

6 (5–7, 2–9)

0.21

6 (5–7,0–9)

 Number of non-cardiovascular drugs/patient, median (IQR, range)

3 (1–5, 0–15)

2 (1–4, 0–16)

0.014

2 (1–4, 0–16)

 Number of drugs/patient, median (IQR, range)

9 (8–11, 2–22)

9 (7–11, 3–26)

0.20

9 (7–11, 2–26)

  1. ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery, IQR interquartile range, n (%) number (percent) of patients, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, SD standard deviation
  2. †Adjusted for age, except when testing the association between sex and age itself
  3. ††The sex of three patients was missing from the n = 1456 cohort; thus, these patients were not included in the sex-stratified columns, but were counted in the All column
  4. †††The age-adjusted p value for the association between sex and all comorbidities was 0.39 when comorbidities were dichotomised into multimorbidity (≥ 2 vs < 2 any cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular conditions) and p = 0.60 when number of comorbidities was treated as an integer count within negative binomial regression
  5. ‡Secondary prevention cardiovascular drugs were aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitor, ACEI/ARB, beta blocker, and a statin
  6. ‡‡For drug categories within the n = 698 cohort, a patient was counted if they were on one or more drugs within a given category
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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