|
Study characteristics
|
All studies (β coefficient¶, 95% CI)
|
All studies excluding reports related to A(H5N1) outbreaks in Hong Kong in 1997 (β coefficient, 95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Year of study
|
|
1997–2002
|
1.0
|
–
|
|
2003–2017
|
− 1.7 (− 3.2, − 0.2)*
|
–
|
|
Epidemic region
|
|
Southeast Asiaa
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
|
Hong Kong, China
|
1.8 (− 0.0, 3.7)
|
–
|
|
Mainland China
|
− 0.4 (− 1.2, 0.4)
|
− 0.8 (− 1.5, − 0.1)*
|
|
Middle East and Africab
|
− 0.4 (− 1.4, 0.6)
|
− 0.6 (− 1.6, 0.4)
|
|
Other countriesc
|
− 0.7 (− 1.7, 0.3)
|
− 1.0 (− 2.0, − 0.1)*
|
|
A(H5N1) outbreaks in poultry
|
|
No
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
|
Yes
|
0.2 (− 0.5, 0.8)
|
− 0.1 (− 0.7, 0.5)
|
|
Virus clade
|
|
Clade 0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
|
Clade 1
|
0.2 (− 0.8, 1.1)
|
− 0.0 (− 0.9, 0.9)
|
|
Clade 2
|
0.2 (− 0.6, 1.1)
|
0.0 (− 0.8, 0.8)
|
|
Study quality
|
|
Category B
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
|
Category C
|
− 0.2 (− 0.9, 0.6)
|
− 0.1 (− 0.8, 0.6)
|
|
Category D
|
0.1 (− 1.1, 1.4)
|
0.2 (− 1.0, 1.4)
|
|
Level of exposure
|
|
Without any exposure
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
|
Human case contact only
|
− 0.1 (− 1.5, 1.3)
|
− 0.3 (− 1.7, 1.1)
|
|
Both poultry exposure and human case contact
|
0.5 (− 0.4, 1.5)
|
0.2 (− 0.8, 1.2)
|
|
Poultry exposure only
|
0.6 (0.0, 1.2)*
|
0.5 (− 0.0, 1.1)
|
- *p < 0.05
- ¶The regression coefficient β refers to the change in the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus-specific antibodies. A negative sign for the coefficient β corresponds to a reduction in the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus-specific antibodies for given changes in the covariate, while a positive sign corresponds to an increase in the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus-specific antibodies
- aIncluding Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, and Bangladesh
- bIncluding Egypt, Turkey, Pakistan, and Nigeria
- cIncluding Romania, Russia, South Korea, the USA, England, and Germany
