Fig. 1

Flowchart of the development and validation of the CAIADS. Note: Circle indicates some patients’ images were excluded if colposcopists captured non-cervical invalid images. Triangle indicates for some patients’ images, the trained evaluators excluded unsatisfactory images due to poor focus, blood obscuring the cervical, vaginal wall prolapse, or other factors. Square indicates some digital records of patients were excluded due to information loss, for example lacking of colposcopy indications or/and pathological results. Non-image information included the patient’s primary screening findings (cytology, HPV status). Abbreviations: LSIL, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; CAIADS, Colposcopic Artificial Intelligence Auxiliary Diagnostic System