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Table 3 Association between healthcare utilization and comorbidity cluster within 1 year of HF diagnosis

From: Model-based comorbidity clusters in patients with heart failure: association with clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization

 

Rate ratio (95% CI)

Unadjusted RR (95% CI)

Model 1a

Model 2b

N = 314,936

N = 292,768

N = 11,955

Outcome and comorbidity cluster

 Outpatient visits

  Low-burden

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Metabolic-vascular

2.33 (2.30, 2.36)

2.01 (1.98, 2.04)

1.96 (1.84, 2.08)

  Ischemic

1.91 (1.89, 1.93)

1.73 (1.71, 1.75)

1.70 (1.60, 1.81)

  Anemia

2.32 (2.26, 2.37)

2.11 (2.06, 2.16)

1.89 (1.67, 2.14)

  Metabolic

1.24 (1.22, 1.25)

1.17 (1.15, 1.20)

1.13 (1.06, 1.21)

 Office visits

  Low-burden

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Metabolic-vascular

1.29 (1.28, 1.31)

1.32 (1.31, 1.33)

1.23 (1.17, 1.28)

  Ischemic

1.30 (1.29, 1.31)

1.35 (1.34, 1.37)

1.28 (1.23, 1.34)

  Anemia

1.15 (1.13, 1.17)

1.16 (1.15, 1.18)

1.26 (1.16, 1.38)

  Metabolic

1.08 (1.07, 1.09)

1.05 (1.04, 1.06)

1.05 (1.00, 1.10)

 Long-term care stays

  Low-burden

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Metabolic-vascular

2.87 (2.78, 2.96)

2.54 (2.46, 2.62)

2.75 (2.32, 3.26)

  Ischemic

3.06 (2.95, 3.14)

2.26 (2.19, 2.33)

2.38 (2.01, 2.82)

  Anemia

2.22 (2.10, 2.33)

1.77 (1.67, 1.86)

2.41 (1.81, 3.21)

  Metabolic

1.02 (0.98, 1.06)

1.21 (1.17, 1.26)

1.12 (0.90, 1.38)

 Hospitalizations

  Low-burden

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Metabolic-vascular

2.86 (2.78, 2.96)

2.11 (2.08, 2.15)

2.02 (1.86, 2.19)

  Anemia

2.22 (2.78, 2.96)

1.64 (1.59, 1.68)

1.85 (1.59, 2.16)

  Ischemia

3.04 (2.95, 3.14)

2.11 (2.07, 2.15)

1.99 (1.83, 2.17)

  Metabolic

1.01 (0.97, 1.05)

1.07 (1.04, 1.09)

1.09 (0.99, 1.19)

 Length of stay for hospitalizations

  Low-burden

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Metabolic-vascular

2.70 (2.97, 3.08)

2.58 (2.52, 2.65)

2.60 (2.28, 2.95)

  Ischemic

2.43 (2.37, 2.49)

2.48 (2.41, 2.54)

2.44 (2.14, 2.77)

  Anemia

2.39 (2.29, 2.50)

2.08 (2.01, 2.16)

2.29 (1.85, 2.80)

  Metabolic

1.25 (1.21, 1.27)

1.09 (1.06, 1.13)

1.17 (1.00, 1.35)

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, RR rate ratio, ref. reference
  2. aAdjusted for age, sex, race, education, medical insurance status, whether diagnosis was gained inpatient or in outpatient and HF medications; patients with missing data were excluded
  3. bAdjusted for age, sex, race, education, medical insurance status, whether diagnosis was gained inpatient or in outpatient and HF medications, ejection fraction, smoking status; patients with missing data were excluded
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