Table 3 Associations of multimorbidity with progression of frailty over a 5-year follow-up (entire sample age 40+)

1. Multimorbidity (0–10)

0.62 (0.02)

0.10

< .001

0.69 (0.02)

0.11

< .001

2. Psychiatric disorders

0.40 (0.05)

0.03

< .001

0.39 (0.05)

0.02

< .001

3. Musculoskeletal diseases

0.77 (0.05)

0.05

< .001

0.96 (0.05)

0.06

< .001

4. Brain diseases

0.19 (0.05)

0.01

< .001

0.25 (0.05)

0.02

< .001

5. Lung disease

1.23 (0.06)

0.06

< .001

1.23 (0.06)

0.06

< .001

6. Heart disease

0.92 (0.06)

0.05

< .001

0.97 (0.06)

0.05

< .001

7. Endocrine disease

1.21 (0.08)

0.05

< .001

1.09 (0.07)

0.04

< .001

8. Gastrointestinal diseases

0.23 (0.12)

0.01

.052

0.31 (0.12)

0.01

.008

9. Cancer

0.55 (0.08)

0.02

< .001

0.85 (0.08)

0.03

< .001

10. Cerebrovascular disease

1.48 (0.17)

0.03

< .001

1.59 (0.17)

0.03

< .001

11. Kidney disease

1.79 (0.24)

0.02

< .001

2.05 (0.23)

0.02

< .001

• Psychiatric disorders

0.33 (0.05)

0.02

< .001

0.31 (0.04)

0.02

< .001

• Musculoskeletal diseases

0.81 (0.05)

0.05

< .001

1.01 (0.05)

0.06

< .001

• Brain diseases

0.12 (0.05)

0.01

.008

0.18 (0.04)

0.01

< .001

• Lung disease

1.19 (0.06)

0.06

< .001

1.25 (0.06)

0.06

< .001

• Heart disease

0.82 (0.06)

0.04

< .001

0.88 (0.06)

0.04

< .001

• Endocrine disease

1.21 (0.07)

0.05

< .001

1.09 (0.07)

0.04

< .001

• Gastrointestinal diseases

0.13 (0.12)

< 0.01

.284

0.20 (0.12)

0.01

.088

• Cancer

0.67 (0.08)

0.03

< .001

1.01 (0.08)

0.04

< .001

• Cerebrovascular disease

1.44 (0.17)

0.02

< .001

1.57 (0.16)

0.03

< .001

• Kidney disease

1.72 (0.23)

0.02

< .001

2.01 (0.23)

0.02

< .001