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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population (3203 cases and 552,482 non-cases) and vegetable intake

From: Vegetable intake and the risk of bladder cancer in the BLadder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) international study

Characteristics

Vegetable intake (g/day)

P valuea

P-interaction

Total

Low (0–117)

Medium (117–221)

High (> 221)

Mean [g/day (SD)]

  

N (%)

 

555,685

185,229 (33.33)

185,228 (33.33)

185,228 (33.33)

197.50 (146.00)

< 0.001

 

Case (%)

 

3203

962 (30.03)

916 (28.60)

1325 (41.37)

207.37 (143.69)

  

NMIBC (%)

 

1267

392 (30.94)

390 (30.78)

485 (38.28)

202.11 (131.77)

  

MIBC (%)

 

773

167 (21.60)

213 (27.55)

393 (50.84)

238.49 (138.60)

  

Non-case (%)

 

552,482

184,267 (33.35)

184,312 (33.36)

183,903 (33.29)

197.44 (146.01)

  

Person-years

 

6,276,560

2,014,670

2,054,381

2,207,509

197.50 (146.00)

< 0.001

 

Sex

0.011

 Male (%)

Case

2405

717 (29.81)

646 (26.86)

1042 (43.33)

212.72 (148.17)

< 0.001

 

Non-case

178,330

78,331 (43.92)

56,376 (31.61)

43,623 (24.46)

175.30 (147.18)

  

 Female (%)

Case

798

245 (30.70)

270 (33.83)

283 (35.46)

191.17 (127.91)

0.089

 

Non-case

374,152

105,936 (28.31)

127,936 (34.19)

140,280 (37.49)

208.19 (144.22)

  

Age [mean (SD)] b

Case

3203

60.01 (8.42)

60.01 (7.39)

60.86 (6.86)

207.37 (143.69)

< 0.001

0.436

Non-case

552,482

53.36 (10.40)

52.31 (9.90)

51.95 (10.35)

197.44 (146.01)

  

Smoking

0.038

 Smoking status

  Current (%)

Case

1201

380 (31.64)

339 (28.23)

482 (40.13)

201.13 (135.44)

< 0.001

 

Non-case

113,490

44,430 (39.15)

39,551 (34.85)

29,509 (26.00)

183.18 (146.82)

  

  Former (%)

Case

1353

391 (28.90)

390 (28.82)

572 (42.28)

213.87 (153.47)

< 0.001

 

Non-case

163,897

56,559 (34.51)

54,683 (33.36)

52,655 (32.13)

190.83 (142.55)

  

  Never (%)

Case

649

191 (29.43)

187 (28.81)

271 (41.76)

205.48 (137.14)

0.476

 

Non-case

275,095

83,278 (30.27)

90,078 (32.74)

101,739 (36.98)

207.22 (146.95)

  

 Smoking pack-years [mean (SD)] c

 

147,303

25.01 (19.92)

22.44 (17.69)

22.38 (19.21)

194.75 (145.85)

< 0.001

 

Ethnicity (%)

 

555,406

185,043 (33.32)

185,155 (33.34)

185,208 (33.35)

197.54 (146.00)

  

 Caucasian

 

545,114

175,717 (32.23)

184,388 (33.83)

185,009 (33.94)

200.22 (145.76)

< 0.001

 

 Non-Caucasian

 

10,292

9326 (90.61)

767 (7.45)

199 (1.93)

49.29 (53.49)

0.590

 

Total energy intake [kcal/day (SD)]

 

555,685

2229.87 (1939.18)

2071.28 (670.85)

2217.35 (713.94)

197.50 (146.00)

< 0.001

 

Dietary diversity score [mean (SD)]

 

555,685

6.69 (2.04)

6.82 (2.39)

6.71 (2.57)

197.50 (146.00)

< 0.001

 

Alcohol intake [g/day (SD)]

 

555,685

4.28 (10.20)

3.19 (8.34)

2.20 (6.43)

197.50 (146.00)

< 0.001

 

Sugar intake [g/day (SD)]

 

555,685

23.20 (39.85)

23.55 (46.67)

27.55 (64.98)

197.50 (146.00)

< 0.001

 

Meat intake [g/day (SD)]

 

555,685

70.63 (81.39)

76.63 (53.73)

85.65 (61.73)

197.50 (146.00)

< 0.001

 

Grain intake [g/day (SD)]

 

555,685

289.53 (295.21)

294.85 (177.10)

296.94 (174.82)

197.50 (146.00)

0.003

 

Fruit intake [g/day (SD)]

 

555,685

80.38 (85.44)

118.59 (102.57)

168.48 (131.14)

197.50 (146.00)

0.268

 

Fat intake [g/day (SD)]

 

555,685

25.45 (26.45)

23.64 (16.10)

28.37 (20.28)

197.50 (146.00)

< 0.001

 
  

Non-starchy vegetable intake

  
  

Total

Low (0–108)

Medium (108–211)

High (> 211)

Mean [g/day (SD)]

  
  

549,113

183,038 (33.33)

183,114 (33.35)

182,961 (33.32)

194.52 (146.02)

< 0.001

 

Case (%)

 

3162

821 (25.96)

771 (24.38)

1570 (49.65)

201.44 (141.33)

  

Non-case (%)

 

545,951

182,217 (33.38)

182,343 (33.40)

181,391 (33.22)

194.49 (146.04)

  
  

Starchy vegetable intake

  
  

Total

Low (0–7)

Medium (7–18)

High (> 18)

Mean [g/day (SD)]

  
  

97,622

32,698 (33.33)

32,698 (33.49)

32,383 (33.17)

17.69 (20.15)

< 0.001

 

Case (%)

 

1514

692 (45.71)

491 (32.43)

331 (21.86)

12.74 (12.74)

  

Non-case (%)

 

96,108

31,849 (33.14)

32,207 (33.51)

32,052 (33.35)

17.77 (20.20)

  
  

Green leafy vegetable intake

  
  

Total

Low (0–5)

Medium (5–23)

High (> 23)

Mean [g/day (SD)]

  
  

549,113

183,039 (33.33)

183,037 (33.33)

183,037 (33.33)

23.85 (35.29)

0.476

 

Case (%)

 

3162

871 (27.55)

1045 (33.05)

1246 (39.41)

24.26 (36.29)

  

Non-case (%)

 

545,951

182,168 (33.37)

181,992 (33.33)

181,791 (33.30)

23.85 (35.28)

  
  

Cruciferous vegetable intake

  
  

Total

Low (0–7)

Medium (7–18)

High (> 18)

Mean [g/day (SD)]

  
  

549,113

183,045 (33.33)

183,031 (33.33)

183,037 (33.33)

26.69 (36.28)

< 0.001

 

Case (%)

 

3162

939 (29.70)

1071 (33.87)

1152 (36.43)

33.95 (42.46)

  

Non-case (%)

 

545,951

182,106 (33.36)

181,960 (33.33)

181,885 (33.32)

26.65 (36.24)

  
  1. aCalculated by chi-square (χ2) test for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables between bladder cancer cases and non-cases
  2. bAge at the time of recruitment
  3. cPack-years was defined as the number of cigarettes smoked per day multiplying the years of smoking
  4. Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; TNM, tumour, nodes and metastasis classification; g, gram; ml, millilitre; kcal, kilocalorie; MIBC, muscle invasive bladder cancer; NMIBC, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer; DDS, dietary diversity score
  5. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
  6. P-interaction < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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