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Table 5 Child diet, activity and developmental outcomes

From: The effects of dietary and lifestyle interventions among pregnant women with overweight or obesity on early childhood outcomes: an individual participant data meta-analysis from randomised trials

Outcome

Intervention, n=1292e

Control, n=1237e

Unadjusted estimate (95% CI)

Unadjusted p

Ï„ unadjusted modeld

Adjusted estimate (95% CI)

Adjusted p

Ï„ adjusted modeld

Ever breastfeda

1049/1365 (76.85)

986/1300 (75.85)

0.93 (0.89, 0.98)

0.003

0.00

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

0.495

0.00

Breastfed ≥6monthsa

477/1016 (46.95)

470/968 (48.55)

0.79 (0.58, 1.07)

0.126

0.07

0.97 (0.93, 1.01)

0.146

0.00

Energy (kJ)b

4427.56 (1404.86)

4358.04 (1354.44)

1635.52 (−4661.88, 7932.91)

0.380

2518.13

110.99 (−1908.35, 2130.32)

0.394

0.15*

Fat/day (g)b

36.30 (12.38)

35.41 (11.74)

13.71 (−35.27, 62.69)

0.352

19.57

1.82 (−4.39, 8.02)

0.312

1.93

Protein/day (g)b

43.41 (15.39)

42.24 (14.17)

16.17 (−43.25, 75.59)

0.362

23.75

1.53 (−19.70, 22.76)

0.330

0.00*

Carbohydrate/day (g)b

168.18 (71.61)

171.28 (73.59)

47.57 (−148.78, 243.92)

0.407

78.44

1.32 (−80.57, 83.21)

0.723

0.00*

Fruits/dayc

3.28 (2.07, 4.79)

3.12 (2.00, 4.56)

1.28 (−2.32, 4.88)

0.340

2.22

0.22 (−1.60, 2.04)

0.318

0.00*

Vegetables/dayc

2.79 (1.64, 4.64)

2.93 (1.72, 4.43)

1.10 (−2.21, 4.40)

0.369

2.04

0.17 (−1.53, 1.86)

0.370

0.00*

Dairy/dayc

2.57 (1.71, 3.64)

2.43 (1.57, 3.50)

0.90 (−1.46, 3.25)

0.312

1.46

0.15 (−0.28, 0.59)

0.288

0.15

Extras/dayc

1.64 (0.93, 2.57)

1.71 (0.93, 2.65)

0.45 (−0.95, 1.85)

0.381

0.85

−0.05 (−1.09, 1.00)

0.616

0.00*

Physical activity, (min/week)c

982.50 (570.00, 1650.00)

915.00 (510.00, 1680.00)

576.87 (−1795.95, 2949.70)

0.405

946.32

41.55 (−1157.17, 1240.27)

0.522

0.00*

Screen time (min/week)c

400.00 (210.00, 720.00)

390.00 (210.00, 630.00)

204.40 (−647.94, 1056.74)

0.410

339.19

20.71 (−173.60, 215.02)

0.515

23.55

Ages and stages communicationc

55.00 (50.00, 60.00)

55.00 (50.00, 60.00)

13.92 (−29.36, 57.19)

0.381

26.45

0.62 (−4.6e+07, 4.6e+07)

0.764

0.00*

Ages and stages gross motorc

60.00 (50.00, 60.00)

60.00 (50.00, 60.00)

13.89 (−31.82, 59.60)

0.404

27.98

0.84 (−5.2e+07, 5.2e+07)

0.728

0.00*

Ages and stages fine motorc

50.00 (40.00, 60.00)

50.00 (40.00, 60.00)

9.53 (−32.40, 51.46)

0.521

25.65

−1.62 (−8.26, 5.03)

0.458

2.95

Ages and stages problem solvingc

60.00 (50.00, 60.00)

60.00 (50.00, 60.00)

14.00 (−30.60, 58.59)

0.391

27.27

1.14 (−8.8e+07, 8.8e+07)

0.707

0.00*

Ages and stages personal socialc

55.00 (50.00, 60.00)

55.00 (50.00, 60.00)

14.22 (−29.01, 57.46)

0.372

26.44

1.11 (−3.26, 5.48)

0.407

1.60

Ages and stages totalc

270.00 (250.00, 285.00)

270.00 (245.00, 285.00)

64.76 (−154.29, 283.82)

0.416

134.10

1.32 (−21.00, 23.63)

0.786

5.46

Total sleep/night (h)c

11.16 (1.25)

11.16 (1.27)

3.77 (−12.38, 19.92)

0.421

6.47

0.18 (−2.31, 2.68)

0.323

0.00*

  1. aDescriptives are number/total and percentage; estimates are relative risk (intervention/control) and 95% confidence interval from a mixed-effects GLM (log Poisson with robust variance)
  2. bDescriptives are mean (SD); estimates are difference in means (intervention − control) and 95% confidence interval from a linear mixed model. Adjusted models included maternal BMI category, parity (0 vs 1+), age at trial entry, child sex and actual age at follow-up
  3. cDescriptives are median (IQR); estimates are difference in means (intervention − control) and 95% confidence interval from a linear mixed model. Adjusted models included maternal BMI, parity (0 vs 1+), age at trial entry, child sex and actual age at follow-up
  4. dEstimated standard deviation of the random intervention effect (assumed ~ N(0, τ2)), indicating heterogeneity of treatment effect. Estimates marked with ‘*’ were extremely unstable with very large standard errors and should therefore be interpreted with caution
  5. eNumber of children from all studies for whom data on any 3–5-year follow-up outcome was available