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Table 2 Measures of cognition by tertile of flavonoid subclass intake in 1126 females aged 18–89 years

From: Increased habitual flavonoid intake predicts attenuation of cognitive ageing in twins

Cognition variable

n=

Subclass, mg/day

T1

T2

T3

P=

Mean (95% CI)

Mean (95% CI)

Mean (95% CI)

 

PAL, stages completed

1126

Total flavonoids

7.71 (7.62, 7.80)

7.74 (7.68, 7.81)

7.77 (7.71, 7.82)

0.22

  

Flavanones

7.69 (7.61, 7.76)

7.73 (7.67, 7.80)

7.80 (7.74, 7.87)

0.02

  

Anthocyanins

7.70 (7.62, 7.78)

7.78 (7.72, 7.84)

7.74 (7.66, 7.82)

0.44

  

Flavan-3-ols

7.70 (7.61, 7.78)

7.74 (7.67, 7.81)

7.79 (7.73, 7.84)

0.06

  

Flavonols

7.69 (7.61, 7.78)

7.76 (7.69, 7.83)

7.77 (7.71, 7.83)

0.12

  

Flavones

7.76 (7.69, 7.82)

7.72 (7.66, 7.78)

7.75 (7.66, 7.83)

0.81

  

Polymers

7.71 (7.62, 7.79)

7.74 (7.68, 7.81)

7.77 (7.71, 7.83)

0.21

  

Proanthocyanidins

7.65 (7.56, 7.74)

7.79 (7.74, 7.84)

7.78 (7.72, 7.85)

0.01

IED, stages completed

667

Total flavonoids

8.2 (8.0,8.5)

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

8.1 (7.9,8.3)

0.39

  

Flavanones

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

8.1 (7.9,8.3)

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

0.81

  

Anthocyanins

7.8 (7.6,8.1)

8.3 (8.1,8.5)

8.4 (8.2,8.5)

<0.001

  

Flavan-3-ols

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

8.1 (7.9,8.3)

0.28

  

Flavonols

8.3 (8.0,8.5)

8.1 (7.8,8.3)

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

0.58

  

Flavones

8.1 (7.9,8.3)

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

0.46

  

Polymers

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

8.1 (7.9,8.3)

0.40

  

Proanthocyanidins

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

8.1 (7.9,8.3)

8.2 (8.0,8.4)

0.88

SRT, milliseconds

649

Total flavonoids

350 (339,360)

348 (338,359)

356 (346,365)

0.38

  

Flavanones

349 (337,361)

354 (342,365)

351 (341,361)

0.83

  

Anthocyanins

361 (349,373)

350 (341,360)

342 (332,353)

0.04

  

Flavan-3-ols

349 (339,359)

350 (339,360)

355 (345,365)

0.42

  

Flavonols

352 (341,363)

346 (336,357)

355 (346,365)

0.60

  

Flavones

361 (348,374)

349 (339,359)

344 (334,353)

0.05

  

Polymers

350 (340,360)

347 (336,357)

357 (347,367)

0.32

  

Proanthocyanidins

356 (343,368)

349 (339,359)

349 (339,358)

0.37

DMS, total correct

541

Total flavonoids

20.0 (18.9,21.0)

19.5 (18.4,20.5)

19.0 (18.1,19.9)

0.11

  

Flavanones

19.9 (18.8,21.0)

19.6 (18.7,20.5)

19.0 (18.1,19.9)

0.20

  

Anthocyanins

19.1 (18.2,20.0)

19.7 (18.7,20.7)

19.6 (18.5,20.7)

0.48

  

Flavan-3-ols

19.9 (18.9,20.9)

19.4 (18.4,20.3)

19.2 (18.2,20.1)

0.26

  

Flavonols

20.0 (18.9,21.0)

19.6 (18.6,20.5)

18.9 (18.0,19.8)

0.09

  

Flavones

19.7 (18.7,20.7)

19.6 (18.6,20.6)

19.1 (18.1,20.2)

0.45

  

Polymers

20.1 (19.0,21.1)

19.4 (18.4,20.4)

19.0 (18.1,19.9)

0.08

  

Proanthocyanidins

20.1 (19.0,21.2)

19.2 (18.2,20.1)

19.2 (18.3,20.1)

0.19

  1. Values are adjusted means (95% CI), n =1126. Means were adjusted for age (years), BMI (kg/m2), current smoking (yes or no), physical activity (active, moderately active, inactive), post-menopausal status (yes or no), vitamin supplement use (yes or no), occupation (professional, intermediate, skilled non-manual, skilled manual, partly skilled or unskilled), highest education level (no qualifications; O-Level, GCSE, NVQ2/SVQ2 or Scottish Intermediate; Scottish Higher, NVQ3, city and guilds, Pitman, A Level, Scottish Advanced Higher or higher vocational training; university degree, postgraduate degree, NVQ5 or SVQ5), verbal IQ score (NART score), presence of learning disabilities, depression or neurological conditions (yes or no), and intakes of energy (kcal/d, in tertiles), alcohol (g/d, in tertiles) and fat (g/d, in tertiles). P P-trend calculated using ANCOVA. DMS delayed matching to samples, IED intra-extra dimensional set shift, PAL paired-associate learning, SRT simple reaction time
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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