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Table 4 Income and health cost for participants with single, two and three conditions attending an integrated one-stop clinic in Uganda and Tanzania. The mean costs and 95% confidence intervals reported are in 2020 US$

From: Patient and health provider costs of integrated HIV, diabetes and hypertension ambulatory health services in low-income settings — an empirical socio-economic cohort study in Tanzania and Uganda

Cost component

HIV only

Diabetes

Hypertension

HIV + diabetes

HIV + hypertension

Diabetes + hypertension

HIV + diabetes + hypertension

Consultation costs

$0.20 (0.12, 0.30)

$0.81 (0.45, 1.27)

$0.27 (0.13, 0.44)

$0.68 (0.00, 1.58)

$0.08 (0.00, 0.19)

$0.50 (0.26, 0.77)

$0.16 (0.00, 0.46)

Treatment costs

$0.05 (0.00, 0.12)

$2.64 (0.96, 5.26)

$0.67 (0.15, 1.53)

$1.01 (0.00, 2.72)

$0.01 (0.00, 0.04)

$0.96 (0.21, 2.21)

$0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

Medication costs

$0.03 (0.00, 0.08)

$4.81 (2.49, 7.53)

$1.69 (0.81, 2.80)

$4.40 (0.00, 10.58)

$0.14 (0.00, 0.38)

$3.78 (1.30, 7.25)

$0.90 (0.00, 2.45)

Transport costs

$1.37 (1.24, 1.52)

$1.16 (0.96, 1.39)

$0.86 (0.75, 0.97)

$1.85 (1.29, 2.43)

$1.66 (1.33, 2.03)

$1.46 (1.17, 1.79)

$1.73 (1.28, 2.22)

Transport costs for other persons

$0.07 (0.04, 0.10)

$0.15 (0.07, 0.24)

$0.09 (0.06, 0.13)

$0.05 (0.00, 0.14)

$0.10 (0.03, 0.20)

$0.22 (0.07, 0.42)

$0.12 (0.00, 0.30)

Lost labour costs

$0.92 (0.73, 1.13)

$0.90 (0.66, 1.18)

$0.50 (0.38, 0.67)

$0.70 (0.33, 1.19)

$0.82 (0.59, 1.08)

$0.74 (0.50, 1.06)

$0.95 (0.39, 1.83)

Other costs (food)

$1.56 (1.39, 1.76)

$1.85 (1.53, 2.21)

$1.57 (1.32, 1.88)

$1.48 (0.82, 2.35)

$1.30 (1.03, 1.63)

$2.02 (1.53, 2.63)

$1.34 (0.95, 1.80)

Total monthly patient-related costsa

$4.20 (3.82, 4.61)

$12.32 (8.13, 17.48)

$5.66 (4.15, 7.61)

$10.17 (3.79, 18.75)

$4.11 (3.47, 4.84)

$9.68 (6.10, 14.78)

$5.20 (3.71, 7.02)

Average monthly household income

$75.15 (65.34, 86.95)

$125.4 (73.55, 214.9)

$89.43 (70.86, 111.2)

$81.81 (52.26, 115.2)

$79.09 (59.68, 101.3)

$95.20 (67.41, 136.0)

$76.23 (42.66, 117.0)

Total integrated costsb

$38.38 (37.03, 39.83)

$25.80 (23.42, 28.88)

$22.57 (21.65, 23.68)

$44.88 (39.17, 50.81)

$36.15 (34.20, 38.11)

$28.55 (26.93, 30.61)

$40.67 (36.04, 45.44)

% of transport costs as a function of monthly household incomec

4.4% (3.7, 5.2)

3.0% (2.1, 4.0)

2.5% (2.0, 3.2)

6.9% (2.4, 13.2)

6.2% (4.3, 8.6)

4.4% (3.2, 5.8)

3.8% (2.1, 5.9)

% of total patient-related costs as a function of monthly incomed

9.3% (8.3, 10.5)

12.2% (9.7, 14.8)

9.2% (7.5, 11.1)

17.8% (9.3, 27.5)

11.7% (8.9, 14.8)

12.2% (10.0, 14.6)

9.3% (5.8, 13.4)

% of total patient-related costs as a function of total integrated coste

10.9% (10.0, 12.1)

47.5% (34.0, 61.8)

25.0% (18.9, 32.4)

22.5% (8.9, 39.9)

11.4% (9.7, 13.3)

33.7% (22.3, 48.8)

12.8% (9.2, 17.4)

  1. aAverage patient costs for all participants combined is $7.33 (95% CI 3.70, 15.86) with transport and medication costs of $1.44 (95% CI 0.81, 2.18) and $2.25 (95% CI 0.00, 7.55), respectively
  2. bTotal integrated cost is the sum of total health service cost (Table 3) and total patient-related costs minus patient-paid medication costs to avoid duplication
  3. cThe proportion of transport cost as a function of the monthly household income per health care visit for patients with single conditions was 3.3% (95% CI 2.1, 4.9) and 5.3% (95% CI 2.4, 10.7) for patients with multiple conditions. The overall proportion of transport costs as a function of monthly household income was 4.5% (95% CI 2.1, 9.6). Computed only for participants with a household income
  4. dThe proportion of total out-of-pocket expenditure as a function of the monthly household income per health care visit for patients with single conditions was 10.3% (95% CI 7.9, 14.2) and 12.7% (95% CI 6.8, 24.0) for patients with multiple conditions. The overall proportion of patient-related costs as a function of monthly household income was 11.7% (95% CI 7.3, 22.1). Computed only for participants with a household income
  5. eThe overall proportion of total patient-related costs as a function of total integrated cost was 23.4% (95% CI 9.9, 54.3)
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