Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by proton pump inhibitor use in the UK Biobank

Number of participants^*

443,344 (90.02)

49,135 (9.98)

492 479

Mean (SD) age, years

56.6 (8.11)

60.0 (7.25)

57.0 (8.09)

Female

241,809 (54.5)

27,170 (55.3)

268,979 (54.6)

White

419,216 (94.6)

46,772 (95.2)

465,988 (94.6)

Mean (SD) Index of multiple deprivation

12.5 (15.8)

14.5 (19.3)

12.7 (16.1)

Never smoker

248,969 (56.2)

23,179 (47.2)

272,148 (55.3)

Alcohol consumption

 Daily or almost daily

91,205 (20.6)

8635 (17.6)

99,840 (20.3)

 One to four times a week

220,827 (49.8)

21,250 (43.2)

242,077 (49.2)

 One to three times a month

49,106 (11.1)

5657 (11.5)

54,763 (11.1)

 Special occasions only or never

82,206 (18.5)

13,593 (27.7)

95,799 (19.5)

Median (IQR) physical activity, MET minutes/week

1790 (2750)

1540 (2750)

1770 (2750)

Mean (SD) fruit and vegetable intake

4.63 (3.11)

4.61 (3.24)

4.63 (3.12)

Mean (SD) BMI, kg/m²

27.2 (4.69)

29.2 (5.15)

27.4 (4.78)

Family history of stroke

114,963 (25.9)

14,430 (29.4)

129,393 (26.3)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

25,2407 (56.9)

34,957 (71.1)

287,364 (58.4)

 Hyperlipidemia

217,713 (49.1)

33,552 (68.3)

251,265 (51.0)

 CVD

19,327 (4.4)

7809 (15.9)

27,136 (5.5)

 Diabetes

23,795 (5.4)

5710 (11.6)

29,505 (6.0)

 Atrial fibrillation

5336 (1.2)

1396 (2.8)

6732 (1.4)

 Cancer

22,376 (5.0)

3837 (7.8%)

26,213 (5.3%)

 Esophagitis/barretts esophagus

2490 (0.6)

4303 (8.8)

6793 (1.4)

 Gastroesophageal reflux disease

9331 (2.1)

19,699 (40.1)

29,030 (5.9)

 Peptic ulcer

4578 (1.0)

6075 (12.4)

10,653 (2.2)

Other drug use

 Aspirin

55,255 (12.5)

11,298 (23.0)

66,553 (13.5)

 Non-aspirin NSAIDs

71,757 (16.2)

8406 (17.1)

80,163 (16.3)

 Paracetamol

93,535 (21.1)

16,269 (33.1)

109,804 (22.3)

 Antihypertensive drugs

38,163 (8.6)

8418 (17.1)

46,581 (9.5)

 Metformin

10,994 (2.5)

2799 (5.7)

13,793 (2.8)

 Statin

60,711 (13.7)

15,428 (31.4)

76,139 (15.5)

 H2RAs

7975 (1.8)

2153 (4.4)

10,128 (2.1)

 Anticoagulants/antiplatelets

5375 (1.2)

2110 (4.3)

7485 (1.5)

Multivitamin use

65,417 (14.8)

8696 (17.7)

74,113 (15.0)

Intake of mineral supplements

95,168 (21.5)

10,139 (20.6)

105,307 (21.4)