Table 2 Baseline comorbidities, lifestyle factors and lab tests among SGLT2i initiators with DKD, in the total study population and stratified by insurance type and CV risk

Comorbidities

DSCI score

 Mean (SD)

2.5 (2.0)

1.6 (1.7)

2.9 (2.0)

1.7 (1.5)

3.0 (2.1)

4.5 (2.0)

 Median [IQR]

2 [1, 4]

1 [0, 2]

3 [1, 4]

1 [0, 3]

3 [1, 4]

4 [3, 6]

Charlson-Quan score

 Mean (SD)

1.6 (1.8)

1.5 (1.7)

1.6 (1.9)

1.7 (1.8)

1.4 (1.8)

2.5 (2.1)

 Median [IQR]

1 [0, 2]

1 [0, 2]

1 [0, 2]

1 [0, 3]

1 [0, 2]

2 [1, 3]

Acidosis, n (%)

89 (1.4%)

21 (0.9%)

68 (1.7%)

25 (0.9%)

34 (1.1%)

30 (8.5%)

ACS, n (%)

352 (5.5%)

73 (3.2%)

279 (6.8%)

37 (1.3%)

196 (6.1%)

119 (33.5%)

Angina pectoris, n (%)

1671 (26.2%)

397 (17.4%)

1274 (31.0%)

462 (16.5%)

955 (29.5%)

254 (71.5%)

Atherosclerotic gangrene, n (%)

9 (0.1%)

2 (0.1%)

7 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.0%)

8 (2.3%)

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

87 (1.4%)

19 (0.8%)

68 (1.7%)

24 (0.9%)

22 (0.7%)

41 (11.5%)

CABG or PTCA, n (%)

146 (2.3%)

45 (2.0%)

101 (2.5%)

10 (0.4%)

43 (1.3%)

93 (26.2%)

Cancer excluding NMSC, n (%)

488 (7.6%)

128 (5.6%)

360 (8.8%)

213 (7.6%)

243 (7.5%)

32 (9.0%)

COPD, n (%)

1271 (19.9%)

306 (13.4%)

965 (23.5%)

423 (15.1%)

709 (21.9%)

139 (39.2%)

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

1437 (22.5%)

308 (13.5%)

1129 (27.5%)

296 (10.6%)

895 (27.6%)

246 (69.3%)

Depression, n (%)

955 (14.9%)

237 (10.4%)

718 (17.5%)

302 (10.8%)

565 (17.5%)

88 (24.8%)

Diabetic foot infection, n (%)

304 (4.8%)

98 (4.3%)

206 (5.0%)

81 (2.9%)

160 (4.9%)

63 (17.7%)

Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)

1107 (17.3%)

317 (13.9%)

790 (19.2%)

432 (15.4%)

601 (18.6%)

74 (20.8%)

Edema, n (%)

833 (13.0%)

218 (9.5%)

615 (15.0%)

277 (9.9%)

446 (13.8%)

110 (31.0%)

Fatigue/sleep disorder, n (%)

1571 (24.6%)

479 (21.0%)

1092 (26.6%)

572 (20.5%)

823 (25.4%)

176 (49.6%)

GERD, n (%)

1308 (20.5%)

345 (15.1%)

963 (23.5%)

465 (16.6%)

705 (21.8%)

138 (38.9%)

Heart failure, n (%)

620 (9.7%)

106 (4.6%)

514 (12.5%)

142 (5.1%)

345 (10.7%)

133 (37.5%)

Hyperkalemia, n (%)

348 (5.4%)

98 (4.3%)

250 (6.1%)

116 (4.1%)

172 (5.3%)

60 (16.9%)

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

5615 (87.9%)

2020 (88.4%)

3595 (87.6%)

2398 (85.7%)

2881 (89.0%)

336 (94.6%)

Hypertension, n (%)

5897 (92.3%)

2060 (90.2%)

3837 (93.5%)

2506 (89.6%)

3040 (93.9%)

351 (98.9%)

Hypoglycemia, n (%)

129 (2.0%)

31 (1.4%)

98 (2.4%)

31 (1.1%)

69 (2.1%)

29 (8.2%)

Hypokalemia, n (%)

193 (3.0%)

65 (2.8%)

128 (3.1%)

46 (1.6%)

108 (3.3%)

39 (11.0%)

Hyponatremia, n (%)

146 (2.3%)

25 (1.1%)

121 (2.9%)

32 (1.1%)

63 (1.9%)

51 (14.4%)

Hypotension, n (%)

180 (2.8%)

49 (2.1%)

131 (3.2%)

45 (1.6%)

78 (2.4%)

57 (16.1%)

Infectious disease, n (%)

1673 (26.2%)

465 (20.4%)

1208 (29.4%)

546 (19.5%)

969 (29.9%)

158 (44.5%)

Intestinal enteropathy, n (%)

744 (11.6%)

197 (8.6%)

547 (13.3%)

242 (8.7%)

402 (12.4%)

100 (28.2%)

Liver disease, n (%)

508 (8.0%)

185 (8.1%)

323 (7.9%)

182 (6.5%)

283 (8.7%)

43 (12.1%)

MC disease, n (%)

3467 (54.3%)

955 (41.8%)

2512 (61.2%)

1306 (46.7%)

1922 (59.4%)

239 (67.3%)

Obesity, n (%)

2759 (43.2%)

1006 (44.0%)

1753 (42.7%)

980 (35.0%)

1567 (48.4%)

212 (59.7%)

Osteoarthritis, n (%)

1483 (23.2%)

359 (15.7%)

1124 (27.4%)

592 (21.2%)

758 (23.4%)

133 (37.5%)

Pain disorders, n (%)

4487 (70.2%)

1413 (61.9%)

3074 (74.9%)

1772 (63.4%)

2385 (73.7%)

330 (93.0%)

PAD, n (%)

1244 (19.5%)

171 (7.5%)

1073 (26.1%)

0 (0.0%)

3031 (93.6%)

301 (84.8%)

PVD, n (%)

1382 (21.6%)

219 (9.6%)

1163 (28.3%)

168 (6.0%)

1046 (32.3%)

168 (47.3%)

Prevalent anemia, n (%)

1371 (21.5%)

348 (15.2%)

1023 (24.9%)

494 (17.7%)

695 (21.5%)

182 (51.3%)

Prior cardiac procedure, n (%)

3318 (51.9%)

992 (43.4%)

2326 (56.7%)

1164 (41.6%)

1819 (56.2%)

335 (94.4%)

Proteinuria, n (%)

962 (15.1%)

410 (18.0%)

552 (13.4%)

362 (12.9%)

542 (16.7%)

58 (16.3%)

Pyelonephritis, n (%)

32 (0.5%)

10 (0.4%)

22 (0.5%)

8 (0.3%)

19 (0.6%)

5 (1.4%)

Resistant hypertension, n (%)

1229 (19.2%)

319 (14.0%)

910 (22.2%)

451 (16.1%)

663 (20.5%)

115 (32.4%)

Respiratory failure, n (%)

151 (2.4%)

32 (1.4%)

119 (2.9%)

27 (1.0%)

56 (1.7%)

68 (19.2%)

Sleep apnea, n (%)

1135 (17.8%)

428 (18.7%)

707 (17.2%)

431 (15.4%)

599 (18.5%)

105 (29.6%)

TIA, n (%)

142 (2.2%)

39 (1.7%)

103 (2.5%)

26 (0.9%)

80 (2.5%)

36 (10.1%)

Lifestyle factors

Alcohol abuse, n (%)

74 (1.2%)

18 (0.8%)

56 (1.4%)

21 (0.8%)

42 (1.3%)

11 (3.1%)

Influenza vaccination, n (%)

1897 (29.7%)

948 (41.5%)

949 (23.1%)

823 (29.4%)

970 (30.0%)

104 (29.3%)

Smoking or nicotine dependence, n (%)

465 (7.3%)

172 (7.5%)

293 (7.1%)

161 (5.8%)

250 (7.7%)

54 (15.2%)

Smoking cessation, n (%)

274 (4.3%)

96 (4.2%)

178 (4.3%)

124 (4.4%)

132 (4.1%)

18 (5.1%)

Laboratory value

HbA1c level

 Mean (SD)

9.2 (3.9)

9.2 (2.9)

9.2 (4.4)

8.9 (3.6)

9.4 (4.3)

9.1 (3.0)

 Median [IQR]

8.4 [7.5, 9.8]

8.5 [7.5, 10.1]

8.4 [7.5, 9.8]

8.3 [7.4, 9.6]

8.6 [7.6, 10.1]

8.5 [7.4, 9.9]

 Missing, n (%)

516 (8.1%)

178 (7.8%)

338 (8.2%)

236 (8.4%)

244 (7.5%)

36 (10.1%)

eGFR stage*

 G1, n (%)

754 (11.8%)

519 (22.7%)

235 (5.7%)

365 (13.0%)

360 (11.1%)

29 (8.2%)

 G2, n (%)

1178 (18.4%)

468 (20.5%)

710 (17.3%)

511 (18.3%)

602 (18.6%)

65 (18.3%)

 G3a, n (%)

2025 (31.7%)

590 (25.8%)

1435 (35.0%)

994 (35.5%)

903 (27.9%)

128 (36.1%)

 G3b, n (%)

670 (10.5%)

118 (5.2%)

552 (13.4%)

275 (9.8%)

343 (10.6%)

52 (14.6%)

 G4, n (%)

71 (1.1%)

9 (0.4%)

62 (1.5%)

26 (0.9%)

35 (1.1%)

10 (2.8%)

 G5, n (%)

7 (0.1%)

4 (0.2%)

3 (0.1%)

2 (0.1%)

5 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

 Missing, n (%)

1684 (26.4%)

576 (25.2%)

1108 (27.0%)

624 (22.3%)

989 (30.6%)

71 (20.0%)

UACR stage*

 A1, n (%)

794 (12.4%)

267 (11.7%)

527 (12.8%)

374 (13.4%)

384 (11.9%)

36 (10.1%)

 A2, n (%)

2771 (43.4%)

1152 (50.4%)

1619 (39.4%)

1107 (39.6%)

1544 (47.7%)

120 (33.8%)

 A3, n (%)

916 (14.3%)

323 (14.1%)

593 (14.4%)

350 (12.5%)

512 (15.8%)

54 (15.2%)

 Missing, n (%)

1908 (29.9%)

542 (23.7%)

1366 (33.3%)

966 (34.5%)

797 (24.6%)

145 (40.8%)

Elevated hematocrit, n (%)

179 (2.8%)

76 (3.3%)

103 (2.5%)

72 (2.6%)

99 (3.1%)

8 (2.3%)

 For cardio-kidney events

 Mean (SD)

8.7 (13.6)

7.6 (10.9)

9.4 (15.1)

7.2 (11.9)

9.9 (15.2)

12.4 (13.1)

 Median [IQR]

4.5 [2.1, 9.4]

4.4 [2.1, 9.0]

4.7 [2.1, 10.1]

4.2 [1.9, 7.8]

4.9 [2.6, 11.2]

6.7 [1.7, 18.3]

 Missing, n (%)

5761 (90.2%)

2026 (88.7%)

3735 (91.0%)

2477 (88.6%)

2959 (91.4%)

325 (91.5%)

 For treatment failure

 Mean (SD)

4.4 (6.8)

4.8 (6.3)

4.1 (7.2)

–

–

–

 Median [IQR]

2.6 [1.3, 5.0]

2.8 [1.5, 5.2]

2.5 [1.2, 4.8]

–

–

–

 Missing, n (%)

5337 (83.5%)

1865 (81.7%)

3472 (84.6%)

–

–

–