Fig. 2

Associations^# between medication patterns^* and mortality in England in 2012 − 2018. ^#Adjusted for age, gender, cohabitation, wealth, six long-term conditions (diabetes, CHD, stroke, lung disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease)), an illness count of the remaining conditions, functional impairment, mobility difficulty, obesity, smoking status, sleep duration, low physical activity, cognitive function, and depressive symptoms. ^*Cluster 1 = RAAS inhibitors cluster; cluster 2 = mental health drugs cluster; cluster 3 = CNS drugs cluster (reference); cluster 4 = RAAS inhibitors and antithrombotics cluster; cluster 5 = antithrombotics cluster