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Table 1 Changes in anthropometric and clinical outcomes in obese patients receiving prebiotic or placebo for 3 months, according to their PA during the protocol

From: Physical activity enhances the improvement of body mass index and metabolism by inulin: a multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial performed in obese individuals

 

Malto ↓PA

Malto ↑PA

Inulin ↓PA

Inulin ↑PA

Between groups comparisons (mixed model)

Baseline

3 months

Baseline

3 months

Baseline

3 months

Baseline

3 months

Inulin

PA

Interaction

Energy and nutrients intake

 Energy (kcal)

2177.5 ± 158.4

1838.3 ± 116.4*†

1873.3 ± 73.9

1612.6 ± 67.7*†

1996.8 ± 90.1

1693.8 ± 90.0 *

1953.5 ± 123.7

1544.9 ± 86.4*†

ns

ns

ns

 Protein (g)

99.8 ± 6.5

87.4 ± 4.6*

81.9 ± 3.0

79.2 ± 3.0

86.9 ± 3.5

78.0 ± 3.4

80.7 ± 4.5

71.9 ± 3.3*

ns

ns

ns

 Lipid (g)

81.8 ± 8.2

63.2 ± 6.3*

76.1 ± 4.8

60.3 ± 3.6*†

80.1 ± 7.0

63.3 ± 4.2*

73.8 ± 6.0

55.6 ± 2.9*

ns

ns

ns

 Carbohydrates (g)

235.2 ± 17.2

207.5 ± 13.1

196.5 ± 10.7

170.5 ± 12.4*

217.5 ± 10.0

186.9 ± 13.5*

220.5 ± 20.0

172.5 ± 15.7*†

ns

ns

ns

 Fiber (g)

22.8 ± 1.6

22.7 ± 1.8

20.3 ± 1.3

21.7 ± 1.5

23.4 ± 2.5

25.5 ± 2.2

21.4 ± 3.0

25.1 ± 2.2

ns

ns

ns

Anthropometric outcomes

 BMI

35.9 ± 1.8

35.7 ± 1.8

33.3 ± 0.5

32.9 ± 0.5

35.1 ± 0.9

34.6 ± 1.0

39.7 ± 1.7

38.1 ± 1.8*†

0.012

ns

0.044

 Weight (kg)

105.6 ± 3.5

104.9 ± 3.5

98.0 ± 3.2

96.9 ± 3.2

96.4 ± 3.2

95.0 ± 3.5

114.7 ± 6.8

110.2 ± 7.1*†

0.016

ns

0.04

 Total body Fat (kg)

40.1 ± 3.7

39.9 ± 3.4

35.0 ± 2

35.0 ± 1.8

37.5 ± 2.4

36.2 ± 2.5

46.0 ± 2.7

44.7 ± 3.2

ns

ns

ns

 Waist (cm)

116.7 ± 3.2

115.0 ± 2.7

109.0 ± 2.0

106.2 ± 1.8*

109.7 ± 2.3

108.5 ± 3.0

119.9 ± 5.1

116.2 ± 5.5*†

ns

ns

ns

 Waist/Hip ratio

0.98 ± 0.03

0.97 ± 0.03

0.96 ± 0.02

0.95 ± 0.02

0.94 ± 0.02

0.93 ± 0.02

0.94 ± 0.02

0.92 ± 0.02*

ns

ns

ns

 Visceral fat (cm2)

292.2 ± 40.3

295.2 ± 45.2

225.7 ± 22.5

218.2 ± 20.6

205.4 ± 19.9

207.2 ± 21.8

231.4 ± 29.6

217.2 ± 28.7

ns

< 0.001

ns

 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

140.5 ± 5.3

134.2 ± 6.4

138.6 ± 4.3

130.5 ± 3.1*

134.3 ± 2.8

135.8 ± 3.1

135.8 ± 3.8

127.2 ± 4.6

ns

0.087

ns

 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

87 ± 3.8

85.9 ± 3.4

84.4 ± 2.3

81.2 ± 1.7

86.1 ± 2.4

82.6 ± 3.5

87.8 ± 2.6

83.9 ± 3.7

ns

ns

ns

 Liver stiffness (kPa)

5.9 ± 1.0

6.5 ± 0.9

6.8 ± 0.9

6.9 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 0.6

4.7 ± 0.2

6.5 ± 1.4

5.5 ± 1.0

0.036

ns

ns

Clinical outcomes

 AST (U/l)

30.3 ± 3.6

33.3 ± 4.4

28.4 ± 3.4

28.2 ± 3.2

25.7 ± 3.1

23.8 ± 2.4

21.7 ± 1.2

19.6 ± 1.6*

0.023

ns

ns

 ALT (U/l)

40.5 ± 5.9

46.7 ± 9.3

45.0 ± 7.7

45.2 ± 8.1

32.9 ± 5.2

33.3 ± 4.5

29.4 ± 2.8

27.0 ± 3.3

ns

ns

ns

 gGT (U/l)

61.8 ± 14.8

52.0 ± 10.9

40.8 ± 7.0

40.0 ± 5.9

32.8 ± 5.2

29.9 ± 4.3

39.8 ± 7.6

31.2 ± 5.8*†

ns

ns

ns

 Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

172.3 ± 9.2

165.5 ± 8.0

199.3 ± 13.6

194.6 ± 13.5

209.7 ± 11.7

217.0 ± 13.9

192.9 ± 14.2

176.1 ± 11.1*

0.031

ns

< 0.001

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

95.1 ± 11.7

86.2 ± 9.2

126.9 ± 11.5

122.0 ± 11.2

131.1 ± 10.0

135.8 ± 12.3

114.8 ± 13.6

106.6 ± 11.1

ns

ns

< 0.001

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

45.4 ± 2.8

48.1 ± 3.8

49.1 ± 2.4

47.2 ± 2.1

45.9 ± 2.6

47.0 ± 2.9

49.2 ± 3.7

47.1 ± 3.5

ns

0.0165

ns

 Triglycerides (mg/dl)

172.6 ± 22.2

166.5 ± 29.9

143.8 ± 19.1

150.3 ± 21.2

172.2 ± 19.2

183.9 ± 23.4

192.9 ± 61.8

126.4 ± 19.2

ns

ns

ns

 HbA1c (%)

5.9 ± 0.2

5.9 ± 0.2

6.3 ± 0.4

6.0 ± 0.2

5.8 ± 0.2

5.7 ± 0.2

5.8 ± 0.1

5.7 ± 0.1

ns

ns

ns

 Fasting C-peptide (pM)

1344.9 ± 157.6

1354.9 ± 130.9

898.4 ± 74.7

929.2 ± 81.7

881.5 ± 81.1

895.4 ± 117.7

1081.6 ± 99.3

1046.8 ± 123.3

ns

ns

ns

 Fasting insulin (mU/l)

9.9 ± 3.3

14.1 ± 2.1

14.5 ± 2.4

15.2 ± 2.4

13.6 ± 2.4

12.6 ± 1.6

18.1 ± 5.0

13.6 ± 3.4*

0.005

ns

ns

 Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

108.7 ± 5.6

106.7 ± 5.8

110.9 ± 7.5

111.4 ± 9.5

97.5 ± 5.0

95.3 ± 4.4

103.9 ± 4.3

99.7 ± 4.0

ns

ns

ns

 HOMA IR

4.3 ± 0.7

4.8 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 0.4

3.6 ± 0.5

3.0 ± 0.5

3.0 ± 0.3

4.7 ± 0.9

4.2 ± 1.0*

0.07

ns

ns

 HOMA ISI

0.3 ± 0.1

0.3 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.1

0.5 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.0

0.3 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.1*

ns

0.09

ns

 Matsuda

3.6 ± 0.5

3.2 ± 0.9

3.1 ± 0.6

3.5 ± 0.6

3.4 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 0.4

2.5 ± 0.4

3.0 ± 0.5*

ns

ns

ns

 DPP-IV activity (mUI/ml)

17.7 ± 1.8

17.3 ± 2.0

20.5 ± 1.7

21.1 ± 1.8

17.4 ± 1.3

16.5 ± 1.3*

18.1 ± 1.3

16.4 ± 1.5*

ns

ns

ns

  1. Values are means ± SEM (MAL ↓PA = placebo group: n = 12; MAL ↑PA = placebo group with increased PA: n = 19, INU ↓PA = prebiotic group: n = 16 and INU ↑PA = inulin group with increased PA: n = 14). A Wilcoxon matched pair was performed for evaluating differences within groups (3 months versus baseline). Significant results for Wilcoxon test are indicated in bold, *p < 0.05, †q < 0.05 (FDR correction). Mixed models were performed to evaluate the effects of different variables between groups (inulin treatment and PA variables as fixed effects and patients and hospitals as random effects). BMI Body mass index, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, gGT Gamma-glutamyl transferase, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, HDL High-density lipoprotein, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c, DPP-IV Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, AUC Area under the curve during an oral glucose tolerance test, HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA ISI HOMA insulin sensitivity index
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