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Table 1 Characteristics of the study populations

From: Predicting the earliest deviation in weight gain in the course towards manifest overweight in offspring exposed to obesity in pregnancy: a longitudinal cohort study

Maternal/child characteristics

Discovery cohort: PEACHES (n = 1557)

Validation cohort: PEPO (n = 9874)

Mothers with obesity (n = 887)

Mothers without obesity (n = 670)

Mothers with obesity (n = 917)

Mothers without obesity (n = 8957)

Maternal characteristics

 Age at conception, years

31.3 (5.3)

32.6 (5.3)

29.2 (4.9)

29.0 (5.3)

 Pre-conception BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2

37.0 (5.2)

24.0 (3.1)

34.1 (3.8)

23.1 (2.7)

 Pre-conception BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2

36.1 (7.3)

23.6 (4.8)

33.0 (3.8)

22.6 (4.8)

 Pre-conception BMI group

    

  Normal weight

NA

442 (66.0)

NA

6808 (76.0)

  Overweight

NA

228 (34.0)

NA

2149 (24.0)

  Obese class I

384 (43.3)

NA

633 (69.0)

NA

  Obese class II

278 (31.3)

NA

200 (21.8)

NA

  Obese class III

225 (25.4)

NA

84 (9.2)

NA

 GDM

321 (40.2)

359 (55.9)a

65 (7.2)

213 (2.4)

 Smoking at any time during pregnancy

250 (28.4)

110 (16.7)

146 (16.2)

977 (11.1)

 Primiparous

444 (50.1)

387 (57.8)

551 (62.3)

5648 (66.3)

 Socioeconomic status at birth, high

244 (31.0)

408 (69.6)

125 (14.2)

2519 (29.3)

 Total GWG, kg

10.9 (6.9)

13.0 (5.3)

10.3 (6.6)

13.8 (5.0)

 Total GWG

    

  Adequate

218 (24.7)

237 (35.7)

197 (23.1)

3175 (38.4)

  Excessive

512 (58.0)

237 (35.7)

486 (57.1)

3171 (38.3)

     Inadequate

153 (17.3)

190 (28.6)

168 (19.7)

1925 (23.3)

Child characteristics

 Sex, female

420 (47.4)

351 (52.4)

450 (49.1)

4315 (48.2)

 Birth weight category

    

  Average-for-gestational-age

690 (77.8)

520 (77.6)

684 (76.6)

7070 (81.1)

  Large-for-gestational-age

101 (11.4)

45 (6.7)

130 (14.6)

677 (7.8)

  Small-for-gestational-age

96 (10.8)

105 (15.7)

79 (8.8)

971 (11.1)

 Full breastfeeding, at 1 month

430 (49.2)

470 (71.5)

521 (59.0)

6475 (74.4)

 Full breastfeeding, at 3 months

338 (38.9)

431 (66.5)

401 (46.1)

5381 (62.2)

 Full breastfeeding, at 6 months

156 (18.0)

185 (28.6)

198 (22.9)

2977 (34.8)

 Child age (months) at follow-upb

    

  At 1-month follow-up

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

NA

NA

  At 3-month follow-up

3.3 (0.5)

3.3 (0.5)

NA

NA

  At 6-month follow-up

6.3 (0.7)

6.3 (0.7)

NA

NA

  At 1-year follow-up

11.7 (0.9)

11.8 (0.8)

11.8 (0.8)

11.8 (0.8)

  At 2-year follow-up

23.9 (1.2)

24.0 (1.2)

23.8 (1.2)

23.9 (1.1)

  At 3-year follow-up

36.1 (1.1)

36.2 (1.1)

NA

NA

  At 4-year follow-up

48.2 (1.4)

48.2 (1.3)

NA

NA

  At 5-year follow-up

62.3 (2.2)

62.1 (1.7)

69.9 (4.8)c

69.7 (4.4)c

  1. Values are mean (SD), median (IQR), or n (%). Participants with any missing information for baseline characteristics were excluded
  2. BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes; GWG, gestational weight gain; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not available; PEACHES, Programming of Enhanced Adiposity Risk in CHildhood–Early Screening; PEPO, PErinatal Prevention of Obesity
  3. aThe group of mothers without obesity also comprises a group of normal weight mothers with GDM, recruited as one of the control groups, as reported previously [24]
  4. bFollow-up anthropometric measurements at the well-child visits
  5. cData collected at the school entry health examination, which is an obligatory check-up for children eligible to enter primary school in the coming year (before turning 6 years old) and generally takes place after the 5-year well-child visit
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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