Table 1 Study participant characteristics by ethnic group
White n=434,809 | South Asian n=8815 | Black n=7526 | |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) age, years | 56.34 (8.03) | 52.65 (8.29) | 51.59 (7.95) |
Sex, n (%) | |||
Female | 244,174 (56.2) | 4281 (48.6) | 4342 (57.7) |
Male | 190,635 (43.8) | 4534 (51.4) | 3184 (42.3) |
Mean (SD) deprivation index | −1.50 (2.96) | 0.30 (3.15) | 2.62 (3.45) |
Mean (SD) physical activity, MET-min/week | 2678.77 (2507.71) | 2266.76 (2322.17) | 2568.82 (2519.60) |
Mean (SD) TV viewing, hr/day | 2.76 (1.56) | 2.48 (1.56) | 3.00 (1.89) |
Mean (SD) fruit/vegetable intake, portion/day | 4.08 (2.34) | 5.05 (3.81) | 4.50 (3.45) |
Mean (SD) red meat intake, portion/day | 2.10 (1.41) | 1.47 (1.68) | 2.55 (2.28) |
Processed meat intake twice/day or more, n (%) | 135,214 (31.1) | 1653 (19.1) | 1706 (23.1) |
Never had oily fish, n (%) | 46571 (10.8) | 2544 (29.9) | 395 (5.4) |
Smoking, n (%) | |||
Never | 239,235 (55.2) | 6823 (78.3) | 5256 (70.4) |
Previous | 149,470 (34.5) | 1052 (12.1) | 1286 (17.2) |
Current | 44,667 (10.3) | 841 (9.6) | 927 (12.4) |
Mean (SD) alcohol intake, units/week | 16.80 (18.89) | 5.60 (12.46) | 6.83 (12.61) |
Mean (SD) BMI, kg/m2 | 27.26 (4.72) | 27.06 (4.37) | 29.41 (5.32) |
BMI categories, n (%) | |||
Underweight | 146,554 (33.8) | 2864 (32.9) | 1428 (19.3) |
Normal | 2303 (0.5) | 59 (0.7) | 10 (0.1) |
Overweight | 183,844 (42.5) | 3969 (45.7) | 3079 (41.6) |
Obese | 100,363 (23.2) | 1801 (20.7) | 2890 (39.0) |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.87 (0.09) | 0.90 (0.08) | 0.87 (0.08) |
Central obesity, n (%) | 203,420 (46.9) | 5491 (63.1) | 3655 (49.3) |
Mean (SD) hand grip strength, kg | 30.70 (11.00) | 26.82 (10.51) | 31.65 (11.39) |
Mean (SD) SBP, mmHg | 137.91 (18.65) | 134.62 (18.38) | 137.55 (18.56) |
Mean (SD) LDL-c, mmol/L | 3.62 (0.85) | 3.42 (0.83) | 3.28 (0.83) |
Mean (SD) triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.74 (1.03) | 1.98 (1.22) | 1.22 (0.75) |
Mean (SD) HbA1c, mmol/mol | 35.65 (6.15) | 40.04 (10.09) | 39.05 (9.69) |
Mean (SD) cystatin C, mg/L | 0.90 (0.16) | 0.94 (0.21) | 0.85 (0.20) |
Mean (SD) GGT, U/L | 36.53 (42.69) | 36.46 (40.47) | 41.58 (41.53) |
Prevalent diabetes at baseline assessment, n (%) | 15358 (3.5) | 1142 (13.0) | 693 (9.2) |
Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | 74,089 (17.0) | 1868 (21.2) | 2116 (28.1) |
Cholesterol-lowering medications, n (%) | 54,833 (12.6) | 1818 (20.6) | 1001 (13.3) |