Table 2 Effect estimates and overall PI/ECO-similarity degree for each included body of evidence-pair

Abou-Setta 2011 [74]

Nerve block

Delirium

4

OR: 0.33 (0.16, 0.66)

2

OR: 0.24 (0.08, 0.72)

2

Abou-Setta 2011 [74]

Spinal anesthesia

All-cause mortality

2

OR: 1.73 (0.53, 5.68)

5

OR: 0.87 (0.45, 1.67)

2

Aburto 2013 [75]

Low sodium

All-cause mortality

4

RR: 0.7 (0.44, 1.14)

7

RR: 0.94 (0.83, 1.06)

2

Aburto 2013 [75]

Low sodium

Cardiovascular disease

2

RR: 0.84 (0.57, 1.23)

9

RR: 0.89 (0.75, 1.08)

2

Ahmad 2015 [27]

Intra-aortic balloon pump

All-cause mortality

12

OR: 0.96 (0.74, 1.24)

14

OR: 1.02 (0.57, 1.82)

1

Alexander 2017 [76]

DHA and EPA

Coronary heart disease

18

RR: 0.94 (0.85, 1.05)

17

RR: 0.82 (0.74, 0.92)

2

Alexander 2017 [76]

DHA and EPA

Coronary heart disease mortality

14

RR: 1 (0.89, 1.11)

14

RR: 0.77 (0.66, 0.9)

2

Alexander 2017 [76]

DHA and EPA

Coronary heart disease incidence

9

RR: 0.92 (0.78, 1.09)

4

RR: 0.81 (0.55, 1.19)

2

Alipanah 2018 [24]

Self-administered therapy

Low treatment success

4

RR: 1.05 (0.96, 1.15)

16

RR: 1.23 (1.12, 1.37

3

Alipanah 2018 [24]

Self-administered therapy

Low treatment completion

5

RR: 1.27 (0.9, 1.79)

14

RR: 0.91 (0.74, 1.11)

3

Alipanah 2018 [24]

Self-administered therapy

All-cause mortality

4

RR: 0.73 (0.45, 1.19)

23

RR: 1.35 (1, 1.84)

3

Anglemyer 2013 [77]

Antiretroviral therapy

HIV infection

1

RR: 0.11 (0.04, 0.32)

9

RR: 0.58 (0.35, 0.96)

3

Azad 2017 [21]

Nonnutritive sweeteners

Body Mass Index

3

MD: -0.37 (-1.1, 0.36)

1

MD: 0.77 (0.47, 1.07)

2

Barnard 2015 [28]

Surgical abortion by mid-level providers

Failure or incomplete abortion

2

RR: 2.97 (0.21, 41.82)

2

RR: 2.47 (1.45, 4.22)

2

Barnard 2015 [28]

Surgical abortion by mid-level providers

Complications

2

RR: 0.99 (0.17, 5.7)

2

RR: 1.3 (0.57, 2.96)

2

Barnard 2015 [28]

Surgical abortion by mid-level providers

Abortion failure and complications

2

RR: 3.07 (0.16, 59.08)

3

RR: 1.33 (0.78, 2.27)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [48]

Clopidogrel

All-cause mortality

7

OR: 0.8 (0.57, 1.11)

8

OR: 0.79 (0.52, 1.2)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [48]

Clopidogrel

Major bleeding

7

OR: 1.18 (0.93, 1.5)

8

OR: 1.16 (0.83, 1.61)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [48]

Clopidogrel

Coronary heart disease

7

OR: 0.77 (0.66, 0.89)

8

OR: 0.76 (0.6, 0.95)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [47]

P2Y12 inhibitor

All-cause mortality

3

OR: 0.92 (0.43, 1.98)

4

OR: 0.69 (0.38, 1.25)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [47]

P2Y12 inhibitor

Major bleeding

3

OR: 1.45 (0.97, 2.15)

4

OR: 1.12 (0.87, 1.45)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [47]

P2Y12 inhibitor

Main composite ischemic endpoint

3

OR: 0.85 (0.67, 1.07)

4

OR: 0.79 (0.54, 1.15)

2

Bloomfield 2016 [22]

Mediterranean diet

Breast cancer

1

RR: 0.53 (0.28, 1.03)

13

RR: 0.96 (0.9, 1.03)

2

Bolland 2015 [49]

Calcium

All fractures

22

RR: 0.9 (0.83, 0.96)

5

RR: 1.02 (0.93, 1.12)

2

Bolland 2015 [49]

Calcium

Vertebral fracture

12

RR: 0.86 (0.74, 1)

1

RR: 1.4 (1.1, 1.9)

2

Bolland 2015 [49]

Calcium

Hip fracture

13

RR: 0.95 (0.76, 1.18)

6

RR: 1.09 (0.91, 1.3)

2

Brenner 2014 [29]

Sigmoidoscopy

Colorectal cancer mortality

4

RR: 0.72 (0.65, 0.8)

1

RR: 0.59 (0.45, 0.76)

1

Brenner 2014 [29]

Sigmoidoscopy

Colorectal cancer incidence

4

RR: 0.82 (0.75, 0.89)

2

RR: 0.5 (0.37, 0.69)

2

Chowdhury 2012 [78]

Omega-3

Cerebrovascular disease

2

RR: 0.98 (0.89, 1.08)

10

RR: 0.9 (0.8, 1.01)

2

Chowdhury 2014a [79]

α-linolenic acid

Coronary heart disease

4

RR: 0.97 (0.69, 1.36)

7

RR: 0.99 (0.86, 1.14)

3

Chowdhury 2014a [79]

Omega-3

Coronary heart disease

17

RR: 0.94 (0.86, 1.03)

16

RR: 0.87 (0.78, 0.97)

3

Chowdhury 2014a [79]

Omega-6

Coronary heart disease

8

RR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.07)

8

RR: 0.98 (0.9, 1.06)

3

Chowdhury 2014b [80]

Vitamin D

All-cause mortality

22

RR: 0.98 (0.94, 1.02)

68

RR: 0.69 (0.65, 0.75)

3

Chung 2011 [58]

Vitamin D

Colorectal cancer

1

RR: 1.02 (0.6, 1.74)

9

RR: 0.94 (0.91, 0.97)

3

Chung 2011 [58]

Vitamin D

Breast cancer

1

RR: 0.99 (0.25, 4)

4

RR: 0.99 (0.97, 1.01)

3

Chung 2016 [56]

Calcium

Cardiovascular mortality

2

RR: 1.05 (0.82, 1.33)

6

RR: 0.99 (0.97, 1.01)

2

Ding 2017 [81]

Dairy

Systolic blood pressure

8

MD: -0.21 (-0.98, 0.57)

27

MD: -0.11 (-0.2, -0.02)

2

Fenton 2018 [30]

Radiation therapy

Erectile dysfunction

1

RR: 0.91 (0.77, 1.08)

7

RR: 1.3 (1.19, 1.43)

2

Fenton 2018 [30]

Radical Prostatectomy

Urinary incontinence

3

RR: 2.27 (1.82, 2.84)

5

RR: 2.92 (1.8, 4.71)

2

Fenton 2018 [30]

Radical Prostatectomy

Erectile dysfunction

3

RR: 1.6 (1.23, 2.07)

6

RR: 1.49 (1.33, 1.66)

2

Filippini 2017 [43]

Disease-modifying drugs

Conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis

7

HR: 0.52 (0.46, 0.6)

2

HR: 0.48 (0.3, 0.78)

2

Fluri 2010 [31]

Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass

All-cause mortality

2

OR: 0.81 (0.62, 1.05)

11

OR: 1 (0.62, 1.63)

2

Fluri 2010 [31]

Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass

Stroke

2

OR: 0.99 (0.79, 1.23)

15

OR: 0.8 (0.54, 1.18)

2

Fluri 2010 [31]

Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass

Stroke mortality or dependency

1

OR: 0.94 (0.74, 1.21)

8

OR: 0.8 (0.5, 1.29)

2

Gargiulo 2016 [32]

Transcatheter aortic valve

Early all-cause mortality

5

OR: 0.8 (0.51, 1.25)

29

OR: 1.08 (0.84, 1.39)

2

Gargiulo 2016 [32]

Transcatheter aortic valve

Mid-term all-cause mortality

5

OR: 0.9 (0.64, 1.26)

18

OR: 1 (0.81, 1.24)

2

Gargiulo 2016 [32]

Transcatheter aortic valve

Long-term all-cause mortality

4

OR: 1.03 (0.65, 1.62)

6

OR: 1.7 (1.23, 2.35)

2

Hartling 2013 [50]

Treating gestational diabetes mellitus

High birth weight

5

RR: 0.5 (0.35, 0.71)

5

RR: 0.69 (0.31, 1.54)

2

Hartling 2013 [50]

Treating gestational diabetes mellitus

Large-for-gestational age neonate

3

RR: 0.56 (0.45, 0.69)

4

RR: 0.43 (0.27, 0.7)

2

Hartling 2013 [50]

Treating gestational diabetes mellitus

Shoulder dystocia

3

RR: 0.42 (0.23, 0.77)

4

RR: 0.38 (0.19, 0.78)

2

Henderson 2019 [51]

Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria

Pyelonephritis

12

RR: 0.24 (0.14, 0.4)

2

RR: 0.29 (0.15, 0.57)

3

Higgins 2016 [25]

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

All-cause mortality

3

RR: 0.67 (0.4, 1.14)

8

RR: 0.46 (0.3, 0.69)

3

Higgins 2016 [25]

Measles containing vaccines

All-cause mortality

4

RR: 0.74 (0.51, 1.07)

13

RR: 0.53 (0.4, 0.7)

3

Hopley 2010 [33]

Total hip arthroplasty

Reoperation

4

RR: 1.09 (0.4, 2.99)

6

RR: 0.45 (0.18, 1.09)

2

Hopley 2010 [33]

Total hip arthroplasty

Dislocation

4

RR: 2.47 (0.69, 8.76)

5

RR: 0.8 (0.27, 2.39)

2

Hopley 2010 [33]

Total hip arthroplasty

Deep infection

4

RR: 1.71 (0.66, 4.45)

4

RR: 0.91 (0.25, 3.28)

2

Hüpfl 2010 [67]

Chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation

All-cause mortality

3

RR: 0.82 (0.68, 0.99)

7

RR: 1.04 (0.9, 1.2)

3

Jamal 2013 [82]

Non-calcium-based phosphate binders

All-cause mortality

8

RR: 0.78 (0.61, 0.98)

3

RR: 0.89 (0.78, 1)

2

Jefferson 2010 [46]

Parenteral influenza vaccine

Influenza-like illness

4

RR: 0.59 (0.47, 0.73)

30

RR: 0.76 (0.66, 0.87)

3

Jefferson 2010 [46]

Parenteral influenza vaccine

Influenza

3

RR: 0.42 (0.27, 0.66)

10

RR: 0.5 (0.26, 0.97)

2

Jefferson 2012 [34]

Inactivated influenza vaccines

Influenza

5

RR: 0.41 (0.29, 0.59)

1

RR: 0.2 (0.1, 0.39)

2

Jefferson 2012 [34]

Inactivated influenza vaccines

Influenza-like illness

5

RR: 0.64 (0.54, 0.76)

2

RR: 0.29 (0.07, 1.15)

2

Jin 2012 [83]

Total flavonoids

Colorectal neoplasms

1

RR: 1.09 (0.93, 1.28)

3

RR: 1 (0.8, 1.25)

3

Johnston 2019 [23]

Low red meat

All-cause mortality

1

RR: 0.94 (0.89, 0.99)

24

RR: 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)

2

Johnston 2019 [23]

Low red meat

Cardiovascular mortality

1

RR: 1 (0.84, 1.19)

25

RR: 0.86 (0.79, 0.94)

2

Johnston 2019 [23]

Low red meat

Cardiovascular disease

1

RR: 0.97 (0.91, 1.04)

12

RR: 0.87 (0.75, 1.01)

2

Kansagara 2013 [52]

Transfusion

All-cause mortality

6

RR: 0.94 (0.61, 1.42)

11

RR: 2.49 (1.4, 4.43)

3

Keag 2018 [84]

Caesarean section

Urinary incontinence

1

OR: 0.78 (0.56, 1.08)

8

OR: 0.56 (0.47, 0.66)

3

Keag 2018 [84]

Caesarean section

Fecal incontinence

1

OR: 3.07 (0.9, 10.49)

5

OR: 1.04 (0.73, 1.48)

3

Kredo 2014 [85]

Starting and maintaining antiretroviral therapy

All-cause mortality

1

RR: 0.96 (0.82, 1.12)

2

RR: 1.23 (1.14, 1.33)

3

Kredo 2014 [85]

Starting and maintaining antiretroviral therapy

Attrition

1

RR: 0.73 (0.55, 0.97)

2

RR: 0.3 (0.05, 1.94)

3

Kredo 2014 [85]

Maintaining antiretroviral therapy

All-cause mortality

2

RR: 0.89 (0.59, 1.32)

1

RR: 0.19 (0.05, 0.78)

3

Li 2014 [54]

Exenatide

Acute pancreatitis

5

RR: 0.86 (0.22, 3.37)

2

RR: 0.92 (0.69, 1.22)

2

Li 2016 [53]

DDP-4 inhibitors

Heart failure

34

RR: 0.9 (0.61, 1.35)

4

RR: 1.1 (1.04, 1.16)

2

Li 2016 [53]

DDP-4 inhibitors

Hospital admission for heart failure

5

OR: 1.13 (1, 1.27)

6

OR: 0.85 (0.74, 0.97)

2

Matthews 2018 [86]

Tamoxifen

Heart failure

1

RR: 0.52 (0.33, 0.71)

2

RR: 0.84 (0.65, 1.07)

3

Menne 2019 [87]

SGLT-2 inhibitors

Acute kidney injury

41

OR: 0.75 (0.66, 0.84)

5

OR: 0.4 (0.33, 0.48)

2

Mesgarpour 2017 [88]

Erythropoiesis stimulating agents

Venous thromboembolism

12

RR: 1.12 (0.9, 1.4)

5

RR: 1.87 (0.59, 5.92)

2

Mesgarpour 2017 [88]

Erythropoiesis stimulating agents

All-cause mortality

17

RR: 0.81 (0.71, 0.93)

7

RR: 1.07 (0.65, 1.77)

2

Moberley 2013 [89]

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines

Invasive pneumococcal disease

10

OR: 0.26 (0.14, 0.45)

2

OR: 0.57 (0.36, 0.89)

2

Molnar 2015 [35]

Neoral (Cyclosporin)

Acute rejection of kidney transplant

2

OR: 1.23 (0.64, 2.36)

2

OR: 0.47 (0.27, 0.83)

2

Navarese 2013 [90]

Early intervention for NSTE-ACS

All-cause mortality

7

OR: 0.83 (0.64, 1.09)

4

OR: 0.8 (0.63, 1.02)

2

Navarese 2013 [90]

Early intervention for NSTE-ACS

Myocardial infarction

7

OR: 1.15 (0.65, 2.01)

3

OR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.08)

2

Navarese 2013 [90]

Early intervention for NSTE-ACS

Major bleeding

7

OR: 0.76 (0.56, 1.04)

3

OR: 1.12 (0.69, 1.82)

2

Nelson 2010 [36]

Caesarean section

Anal incontinence, feces

1

OR: 1 (0.49, 2.05)

11

OR: 0.91 (0.72, 1.16)

3

Nelson 2010 [36]

Caesarean section

Anal incontinence, flatus

1

OR: 0.83 (0.51, 1.36)

4

OR: 1.02 (0.87, 1.2)

3

Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [37]

Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for total hip arthroplasty

Harris Hip Score

7

MD: -0.23 (-1.09, 0.63)

3

MD: -0.5 (-2.09, 1.09)

2

Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [37]

High-flexion total knee arthroplasty

Flexion

20

MD: 1.68 (0.28, 3.08)

26

MD: 3.78 (1.64, 5.92)

2

Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [37]

Gender-specific total knee arthroplasty

Flexion-extension range

6

MD: 1.41 (-0.17, 2.99)

2

MD: 3.15 (-0.03, 6.34)

2

Nikooie 2019 [55]

Second generation antipsychotics

Sedation

6

RR: 1.26 (0.92, 1.72)

3

RR: 1.84 (0.4, 8.54)

2

Nikooie 2019 [55]

Second generation antipsychotics

Neurologic outcomes

6

RR: 0.45 (0.2, 1.01)

5

RR: 0.76 (0.59, 0.99)

2

Ochen 2019 [91]

Surgery for achilles tendon rupture

Re-rupture

10

RR: 0.4 (0.24, 0.69)

18

RR: 0.42 (0.28, 0.64)

2

Ochen 2019 [91]

Surgery for achilles tendon rupture

Complications

9

RR: 3.26 (1.26, 8.41)

15

RR: 2.93 (2.28, 3.75)

2

Pittas 2010 [60]

Vitamin D

Hypertension

1

RR: 1.01 (0.97, 1.05)

3

RR: 0.57 (0.41, 0.79)

3

Raman 2013 [38]

Carotid endarterectomy

Ipsilateral stroke

3

RR: 0.72 (0.58, 0.9)

2

RR: 0.47 (0.05, 4.46)

2

Raman 2013 [38]

Carotid endarterectomy

Stroke

3

RR: 0.68 (0.56, 0.82)

3

RR: 0.73 (0.43, 1.22)

2

Raman 2013 [38]

Carotid artery stenting

Periprocedural stroke

2

RR: 1.75 (0.87, 3.52)

5

RR: 1.91 (1.72, 2.11)

2

Schweizer 2013 [39]

Nasal deconolization

Surgical site infection

5

RR: 0.63 (0.36, 1.13)

6

RR: 0.4 (0.28, 0.57)

2

Schweizer 2013 [39]

Glycopeptide prophylaxis

Surgical site infection

8

RR: 1.13 (0.9, 1.42)

7

RR: 0.34 (0.11, 1.1)

2

Silvain 2012 [40]

Enoxaparin

All-cause mortality

6

RR: 0.88 (0.7, 1.1)

7

RR: 0.49 (0.39, 0.62)

2

Silvain 2012 [40]

Enoxaparin

Major bleeding

9

RR: 0.88 (0.62, 1.24)

7

RR: 0.72 (0.56, 0.93)

2

Silvain 2012 [40]

Enoxaparin

All-cause mortality or myocardial infarction

13

RR: 0.86 (0.74, 0.99)

7

RR: 0.44 (0.35, 0.55)

2

Suthar 2012 [26]

Antiretroviral therapy

Tuberculosis infection

2

HR: 0.5 (0.34, 0.75)

9

HR: 0.32 (0.25, 0.41)

3

Te Morenga 2013 [61]

Sugar

Weight gain

10

MD: 0.75 (0.3, 1.19)

4

MD: 0.31 (-0.07, 0.68)

2

Te Morenga 2013 [61]

Sugar

Body Mass Index

3

MD: -0.06 (-0.15, 0.04)

4

MD: 0.02 (0.00, 0,05)

2

Thomas 2010 [92]

nfluenza vaccin

Influenza-like illness

3

RR: 0.71 (0.55, 0.9)

1

RR: 0.31 (0.26, 0.36)

3

Tickell-Painter 2017 [93]

Mefloquine

Discontinuation due to adverse effects

3

RR: 2.86 (1.53, 5.31)

9

RR: 2.73 (1.83, 4.08)

2

Tickell-Painter 2017 [93]

Mefloquine

Serious adverse events or effects

3

RR: 0.7 (0.14, 3.53)

2

RR: 3.08 (0.39, 24.11)

3

Tickell-Painter 2017 [93]

Mefloquine

Nausea

2

RR: 1.35 (1.05, 1.73)

3

RR: 1.85 (1.42, 2.43)

3

Tricco 2018 [45]

Live-attenuated zoster vaccines

Suspected Herpes Zoster

5

RR: 0.61 (0.48, 0.93)

3

RR: 0.48 (0.27, 0.84)

2

Vinceti 2018 [59]

Selenium

Cancer

5

RR: 0.99 (0.86, 1.14)

7

RR: 0.75 (0.59, 0.94)

3

Vinceti 2018 [59]

Selenium

Cancer mortality

2

RR: 0.81 (0.49, 1.32)

7

RR: 0.77 (0.6, 0.97)

3

Vinceti 2018 [59]

Selenium

Colorectal cancer

3

RR: 0.74 (0.41, 1.33)

6

RR: 0.82 (0.72, 0.94)

3

Wilson 2011 [41]

Traditional birth attendants

Perinatal mortality

5

RR: 0.76 (0.64, 0.88)

1

RR: 0.82 (0.38, 1.78)

3

Wilson 2011 [41]

Traditional birth attendants

Neonatal mortality

6

RR: 0.79 (0.69, 0.88)

2

RR: 0.8 (0.47, 1.37)

3

Wilson 2019 [42]

Unicompartimental knee arthroplasty

Venous thromboembolism

2

RR: 0.24 (0.04, 1.37)

8

RR: 0.41 (0.29, 0.57)

2

Wilson 2019 [42]

Unicompartimental knee arthroplasty

Flexion-extension range

3

MD: -4.58 (-10.75, 1.59)

11

MD: -8.43 (-10.15, -6.71)

2

Wilson 2019 [42]

Unicompartimental knee arthroplasty

Operation duration

3

MD: -1.72 (-11.89, 8.45)

8

MD: -23.8 (-40.43, -7.17)

2

Yank 2011 [44]

Recombinant factor VII

All-cause mortality

2

RR: 1.4 (0.49, 4.02)

2

RR: 0.91 (0.39, 2.12)

2

Yank 2011 [44]

Recombinant factor VII

Thromboembolism

2

RR: 2.06 (0.48, 8.84)

2

RR: 1.81 (0.67, 4.87)

2

Zhang 2016 [94]

Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold

Stent thrombosis

5

OR: 2.05 (0.95, 4.43)

3

OR: 2.32 (1.06, 5.07)

2

Zhang 2016 [94]

Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold

All-cause mortality

5

OR: 0.96 (0.46, 2)

4

OR: 0.57 (0.23, 1.44)

2

Zhang 2016 [94]

Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold

Coronary heart disease mortality

3

OR: 1.4 (0.45, 4.33)

4

OR: 0.81 (0.38, 1.7)

2

Zhang 2017 [95]

Percutaneous coronary intervention

All-cause mortality

5

HR: 1 (0.79, 1.26)

17

HR: 1.08 (0.92, 1.26)

2

Zhang 2017 [95]

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Cardiovascular mortality

4

HR: 1 (0.72, 1.39)

5

HR: 1.08 (0.51, 2.29)

2

Zhang 2017 [95]

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Myocardial infarction

5

HR: 1.39 (0.85, 2.27)

5

HR: 2.01 (1.64, 2.45)

2

Ziff 2015 [96]

Digoxin

All-cause mortality

7

RR: 0.99 (0.93, 1.05)

8

RR: 1.61 (1.31, 1.97)

3

Ziff 2015 [96]

Digoxin

Cardiovascular mortality

5

RR: 1.01 (0.94, 1.08)

3

RR: 2.53 (1.12, 5.71)

3

Ziff 2015 [96]

Digoxin

Hospital admission

2

RR: 0.94 (0.9, 0.99)

4

RR: 0.91 (0.87, 0.95)

2