Fig. 7

Binary logistic regression of self-management stratified by family history on cardiometabolic profiles. Self-management was defined as ≥3 of 5 behavioral factors including adequate physical activity (30 min at least 3 times weekly), adherence to a balanced diet, never or occasional alcohol drinker, and never or ex-smoker, or self-monitoring of blood glucose. All models were adjusted for age, sex, education (middle school and above vs. primary school or below), employment (worker vs. non-worker), drug use (oral glucose-lowering drug, insulin, lipid regulating drug, blood pressure-lowering drug, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors), duration of diabetes, year of enrolment, and country/region of recruitment. Hyperglycemia = HbA_1c > 7% (53 mmol/mol) or fasting plasma glucose > 7 mmol/L. Hypertension = blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg or on any blood pressure-lowering drugs. Dyslipidemia= LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L, HD-CL < 1 mmol/L, triglycerides ≥ 2.3 mmol/L, or on any lipid-regulating drugs. “ABC” goals refer to HbA_1c <7% (53 mmol/mol) (A), blood pressure <130/80 mmHg (B), and LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L (C). ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05. FamH = family history of diabetes (father, mother, and/or siblings). AOR, adjusted odds ratios; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval