Associations between consumption of three types of beverages and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in UK Biobank participants: a prospective cohort study

Table 2 CMM risks according to the consumption of three types of beverages in UK Biobank at 2021 (N = 37,994)

	0/day HR (95% CI)	0–1/day HR (95% CI)	>1/day HR (95% CI)	Adjusted P-trend^a
Sugar-sweetened beverages
Person-years	225,111	84,061	22,473
Cases	4234	1648	517
Model 0	1 (ref)	1.03 (0.97–1.09)	1.28 (1.17–1.41)	<0.001
Model 1	1 (ref)	1.01 (0.96–1.07)	1.19 (1.08–1.30)	0.003
Model 2	1 (ref)	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	1.18 (1.07–1.30)	0.005
Model 3	1 (ref)	1.01 (0.95-1.07)	1.19 (1.08-1.31)	0.005
Artificially sweetened beverages
Person-years	258,806	53,106	19,733
Cases	4952	999	448
Model 0	1 (ref)	1.07 (1.01–1.15)	1.42 (1.29–1.57)	<0.001
Model 1	1 (ref)	0.99 (0.92–1.06)	1.19 (1.08–1.31)	0.007
Model 2	1 (ref)	0.98 (0.92–1.05)	1.19 (1.08–1.31)	0.008
Model 3	1 (ref)	0.97 (0.90–1.04)	1.15 (1.04–1.27)	0.045
Pure fruit/vegetable juices
Person-years	162,028	146,007	23,610
Cases	3283	2673	443
Model 0	1 (ref)	0.85 (0.81–0.90)	0.87 (0.78–0.96)	<0.001
Model 1	1 (ref)	0.90 (0.85–0.94)	0.90 (0.82–0.99)	<0.001
Model 2	1 (ref)	0.89 (0.84–0.94)	0.89 (0.80–0.99)	<0.001
Model 3	1 (ref)	0.90 (0.85–0.94)	0.90 (0.81–0.99)	<0.001

Model 0: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and deprivation index
Model 1: adjusted for variables in model 0 and smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, sedentary time, and body mass index
Model 2: adjusted for variables in model 1 and total sugar intake, energy intake, fat intake, vegetable and fruit intake, fish intake, and red meat intake
Model 3: adjusted for variables in model 2 and insulin use, antihypertensive drug use, lipid-lowering drug use, and aspirin use
CMM cardiometabolic multimorbidity, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ref reference
^aP-trend was adjusted with Benjamini-Hochberg correction

ISSN: 1741-7015