Table 1 Characteristics of individuals with gestational diabetes at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2007–2017
|  | All (2007–2017) | Discovery set (2007–2016) | Temporal validation set (2017) | P value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 30,474 | n = 27,240 | n = 3234 | ||
Age at childbirth, mean (SD), y |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 15–24 | 1624 (5.3) | 1497 (5.5) | 127 (3.9) |  |
 25–29 | 6057 (19.9) | 5522 (20.3) | 535 (16.5) |  |
 30–34 | 11,295 (37.1) | 10,018 (36.8) | 1277 (39.5) |  |
 ≥ 35 | 11,498 (37.7) | 10,203 (37.5) | 1295 (40.0) |  |
Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.028 |
 White | 6866 (22.5) | 6174 (22.7) | 692 (21.4) |  |
 Hispanic | 8506 (27.9) | 7655 (28.1) | 851 (26.3) |  |
 African American | 1319 (4.3) | 1174 (4.3) | 145 (4.5) |  |
 Asian/Pacific Islander | 12,377 (40.6) | 10,990 (40.3) | 1387 (42.9) |  |
 Other | 1406 (4.6) | 1247 (4.6) | 159 (4.9) |  |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index, kg/m2, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Underweight | 399 (1.3) | 344 (1.3) | 55 (1.7) |  |
 Normal | 6850 (22.5) | 6147 (22.6) | 703 (21.7) |  |
 Overweight | 10,095 (33.1) | 9106 (33.4) | 989 (30.6) |  |
 Obese | 13,130 (43.1) | 11,643 (42.7) | 1487 (46.0) |  |
Median household income, annual, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < $25,000 | 813 (2.7) | 562 (2.1) | 251 (7.8) |  |
 $25,000–39,999 | 2816 (9.2) | 2495 (9.2) | 321 (9.9) |  |
 $40,000–59,999 | 7169 (23.5) | 6463 (23.7) | 706 (21.8) |  |
 $60,000–79,999 | 7796 (25.6) | 7010 (25.7) | 786 (24.3) |  |
 ≥ $80,000 | 11,880 (39.0) | 10,710 (39.3) | 1170 (36.2) |  |
 Nulliparity, n (%) | 12,419 (40.8) | 11,117 (40.8) | 1302 (40.3) | 0.559 |
 Gestational age at delivery, mean (SD), weeks | 38.3 (1.9) | 38.3 (1.9) | 38.2 (1.9) | 0.05 |