Fig. 5

Analysis of the stromal cell subclusters. A UMAP plot of the five stromal cell subclusters are shown. B Violin plots showing the defining gene expression per subcluster for subclusters 1-5. C Log₂ (odds ratio) shows that subcluster 3 (IGFBP1+) is significantly enriched in controls (Log₂ OR = − 1.3, case vs. control). In contrast, subcluster 1 (IL11+) and subcluster 5 (MGP+) are enriched in diagnosed subjects. The top transcripts characterizing these three distinct stromal cell subclusters are summarized in Fig. 6 and emphasize the enrichment of the decidualized stromal cells—subcluster 3 (IGFBP1+)—in controls