Post-mortem examination of high mortality in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation

Table 3 Comparison of factors associated with different modes of death

Multivariate analysis	Mode of death
	HF-related death			Vascular related death			Non-CV death
	HR	95% CI	p-value	HR	95% CI	p-value	HR	95% CI	p-value
Age (per 1-year increase)	1.00	0.97–1.02	0.76	0.99	0.96–1.02	0.42	1.02	0.99–1.06	0.17
Gender (women vs men)	1.04	0.71–1.54	0.83	0.88	0.52–1.48	0.64	1.08	0.64–1.80	0.78
NYHA class (per 1 class increase)	2.45	1.73–3.46	< 0.001	0.82	0.61–1.10	0.19	0.76	0.56–1.02	0.07
LVEF (per 1% increase)	0.95	0.93–0.97	< 0.001	1.08	1.05–1.11	< 0.001	1.10	1.06–1.13	< 0.001
AF type (non-paroxysmal vs paroxysmal)	1.00	0.62–1.60	0.99	1.06	0.57–1.99	0.85	1.60	0.91–2.82	0.10
Clinical obesity (yes vs no)	1.46	0.94–2.26	0.09	0.83	0.44–1.57	0.57	2.20	1.21–4.00	0.010
Coronary artery disease (yes vs no)	0.82	0.50–1.37	0.46	1.05	0.55–2.02	0.87	0.82	0.46–1.45	0.49
Hypertension (yes vs no)	1.04	0.65–1.67	0.86	2.83	1.36–5.90	0.005	0.84	0.49–1.45	0.53
COPD (yes vs no)	0.85	0.55–1.31	0.46	1.17	0.65–2.13	0.60	0.85	0.49–1.47	0.56
Diabetes mellitus (yes vs no)	0.86	0.56–1.32	0.48	^a			1.33	0.78–2.26	0.29

Hazards for each covariate presented are for that particular mode of death compared to other modes. All models are also adjusted for statins, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone antagonists, beta-blockers, diuretics, amiodarone and digoxin at baseline (not shown)
AF atrial fibrillation, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CV cardiovascular, HR hazard ratio, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, NYHA New York Heart Association
^aNot presented due to significant 3-way interaction with coronary artery disease and use of beta-blockers at baseline

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