Early onset of immune-mediated diseases in minority ethnic groups in the UK

Sharma-Oates, Archana; Zemedikun, Dawit T.; Kumar, Kanta; Reynolds, John A.; Jain, Avinash; Raza, Karim; Williams, John A.; Bravo, Laura; Cardoso, Victor Roth; Gkoutos, Georgios; Nirantharakumar, Krishnarajah; Lord, Janet M.

doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02544-5

Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted differences in age at disease diagnoses in different ethnic groups using White ethnicity as the reference group in the IMRD-UK cohort

From: Early onset of immune-mediated diseases in minority ethnic groups in the UK

	N (%)	Age/years Mean (SD)	Unadjusted models				Adjusted models^a
	N (%)	Age/years Mean (SD)	Coefficient	P-val.	(95% CI)		Coefficient	P-val.	(95% Cl)
Systemic lupus erythematosus
White	1213 (81.7)	48.5 (16.2)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	78 (5.3)	41.4 (11.9)	− 7.00	<0.001	− 9.78	− 4.22	− 6.08	<0.001	− 8.87	− 3.28
African-Caribbean	95 (6.4)	42.6 (15.8)	− 5.81	<0.001	− 9.11	− 2.51	− 4.72	<0.001	− 7.69	− 1.76
South Asian	99 (6.7)	40.1 (15.7)	− 8.35	<0.001	− 11.56	− 5.14	− 6.00	<0.001	− 8.93	− 3.06
Vitiligo
White	3563 (71.1)	38.4 (19.5)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	303 (6.1)	30.3 (19.9)	− 8.13	<0.001	− 10.46	− 5.79	− 2.34	<0.001	− 3.88	− 0.80
African-Caribbean	260 (5.2)	33.9 (21.8)	− 4.46	<0.001	− 7.18	− 1.73	− 1.57	0.08	− 3.34	0.20
South Asian	883 (17.6)	29.1 (21.3)	− 9.27	<0.001	− 10.81	− 7.72	− 2.64	<0.001	− 3.68	− 1.60
Rheumatoid arthritis
White	7992 (91.7)	56.8 (15.4)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	148 (1.7)	47.6 (14.5)	− 9.13	<0.001	− 11.49	− 6.77	− 7.46	<0.001	− 9.63	− 5.29
African-Caribbean	159 (1.8)	49.4 (15.3)	− 7.39	<0.001	− 9.79	− 4.99	− 5.82	<0.001	− 8.14	− 3.50
South Asian	414 (4.8)	48.3 (14.8)	− 8.47	<0.001	− 9.94	− 7.01	− 7.14	<0.001	− 8.54	− 5.73
Psoriasis
White	37,631 (92.8)	44.6 (19.0)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	820 (2.0)	37.9 (15.8)	− 6.64	<0.001	− 7.74	− 5.54	− 5.13	<0.001	− 6.09	− 4.18
African-Caribbean	405 (1.0)	37.3 (17.8)	− 7.31	<0.001	− 9.06	− 5.57	− 4.13	<0.001	− 5.43	− 2.82
South Asian	1685 (4.2)	38.2 (16.3)	− 6.41	<0.001	− 7.21	− 5.61	− 4.79	<0.001	− 5.43	− 4.15
Pernicious anaemia
White	4382 (92.6)	61.5 (18.4)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	42 (0.9)	50.5 (18.0)	− 11.06	<0.001	− 16.47	− 5.65	− 8.43	<0.001	− 13.54	− 3.32
African-Caribbean	59 (1.3)	50.2 (16.6)	− 11.36	<0.001	− 15.61	− 7.12	− 10.51	<0.001	− 14.49	− 6.52
South Asian	248 (5.2)	53.1 (15.6)	− 8.40	<0.001	− 10.41	− 6.39	− 9.00	<0.001	− 10.97	− 7.02
Myasthenia gravis
White	515 (92.5)	61.3 (16.3)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	8 (1.4)	30.0 (9.9)	− 31.37	<0.001	− 38.00	− 24.75	− 27.00	<0.001	− 31.91	− 22.08
African-Caribbean	13 (2.3)	38.8 (12.4)	− 22.53	<0.001	− 29.20	− 15.85	− 19.19	<0.001	− 25.08	− 13.31
South Asian	21 (3.8)	54.0 (20.4)	− 7.42	0.09	− 16.11	1.27	− 4.82	0.24	− 12.92	3.29
Inflammatory bowel disease
White	7711 (92.6)	43.6 (18.3)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	137 (1.6)	33.6 (14.7)	− 9.95	<0.001	− 12.43	− 7.47	− 7.12	<0.001	− 9.26	− 4.98
African-Caribbean	104 (1.3)	37.7 (16.8)	− 5.90	<0.001	− 9.13	− 2.66	− 3.07	0.02	− 5.64	− 0.51
South Asian	380 (4.6)	36.2 (16.1)	− 7.41	<0.001	− 9.08	− 5.74	− 4.79	<0.001	− 6.15	− 3.43
Coeliac
White	4994 (94.3)	40.9 (21.7)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	52 (1.0)	24.8 (15.4)	− 16.06	<0.001	− 20.26	− 11.86	− 9.49	<0.001	− 12.47	− 6.52
African-Caribbean	17 (0.3)	36.2 (20.2)	− 4.73	0.32	− 14.09	4.63	− 4.06	0.26	− 11.16	3.05
South Asian	234 (4.4)	32.7 (17.2)	− 8.21	<0.001	− 10.50	− 5.92	− 6.39	<0.001	− 8.00	− 4.78
Autoimmune thyroid disease
White	3868 (87.0)	44.9 (14.7)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	223 (5.0)	41.8 (11.9)	− 3.05	<0.001	− 4.69	− 1.42	− 1.90	0.02	− 3.49	− 0.31
African-Caribbean	129 (2.9)	42.1 (11.8)	− 2.72	0.01	− 4.80	− 0.64	− 1.90	0.06	− 3.86	0.07
South Asian	226 (5.1)	38.7 (12.3)	− 6.13	<0.001	− 7.80	− 4.47	− 6.07	<0.001	− 7.63	− 4.51
Multiple sclerosis
White	2374 (94.0)	44.0 (13.1)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	44 (1.7)	34.7 (10.6)	− 9.30	<0.001	− 12.44	− 6.16	− 8.40	<0.001	− 11.53	− 5.27
African-Caribbean	46 (1.8)	42.7 (12.4)	− 1.33	0.47	− 4.90	2.25	− 0.17	0.92	− 3.52	3.19
South Asian	62 (2.5)	37.1 (10.9)	− 6.92	<0.001	− 9.67	− 4.16	− 5.96	0.00	− 8.69	− 3.24
Sjogren’s syndrome
White	902 (89.2)	56.9 (14.1)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	26 (2.6)	55.6 (12.5)	− 1.32	0.59	− 6.15	3.51	− 0.10	0.97	− 4.63	4.43
African-Caribbean	21 (2.1)	47.9 (10.7)	− 9.08	<0.001	− 13.64	− 4.51	− 8.21	<0.001	− 12.75	− 3.67
South Asian	62 (6.1)	44.8 (14.3)	− 12.16	<0.001	− 15.83	− 8.49	− 11.23	<0.001	− 14.77	− 7.70
Fibromyalgia
White	10,603 (91.8)	45.7 (12.2)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	198 (1.7)	43.7 (10.9)	− 1.99	0.01	− 3.52	− 0.47	− 1.82	0.01	− 3.28	− 0.36
African-Caribbean	214 (1.9)	45.9 (11.5)	0.14	0.86	− 1.42	1.69	0.33	0.67	− 1.19	1.86
South Asian	531 (4.6)	44.2 (11.0)	− 1.54	<0.001	− 2.50	− 0.58	− 1.58	<0.001	− 2.53	− 0.64
Autoimmune inflammatory diseases combined (ADs)
White	73,437 (90.9)	46.4 (19.3)	Ref.				Ref.
Mixed-race/Other	1848 (2.3)	37.7 (16.7)	− 8.78	<0.001	− 9.55	− 8.01	− 6.12	<0.001	− 6.76	− 5.48
African-Caribbean	1275 (1.6)	39.7 (18.1)	− 6.74	<0.001	− 7.75	− 5.74	− 4.23	<0.001	− 5.00	− 3.45
South Asian	4216 (5.2)	37.7 (18.3)	− 8.71	<0.001	− 9.27	− 8.14	− 5.74	<0.001	− 5.30	− 6.18

^aAdjusted for sex, deprivation, BMI categories and smoking status

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