Table 1 Characteristics of 398,993 participants
|  | Overall (n = 398,993) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | NO2 (μg/m3) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1: 1.69–8.74 (n = 99,752) | Q4: 11.05–18.70 (n = 99,747) | Q1: 2.86–14.17 (n = 99,750) | Q4: 21.25–57.92 (n = 99,748) | ||
Age [years, mean (SD)] | 55.49 (8.06) | 55.86 (7.93) | 55.20 (8.24) | 56.18 (7.85) | 54.75 (8.25) |
Sex (%) | |||||
 Male | 171,055 (42.9) | 41,922 (42.0) | 42,957 (43.1) | 42,212 (42.3) | 43,543 (43.7) |
 Female | 227,938 (57.1) | 57,830 (58.0) | 56,790 (56.9) | 57,538 (57.7) | 56,205 (56.3) |
Ethnicity (%) | |||||
 White | 376,743 (94.4) | 98,181 (98.4) | 85,835 (86.1) | 98,301 (98.5) | 85,601 (85.8) |
 Non-white | 22,250 (5.6) | 1571 (1.6) | 13,912 (13.9) | 1449 (1.5) | 14,147 (14.2) |
Residential area (%) | |||||
 Urban | 343,011 (86.0) | 78,809 (79.0) | 97,350 (97.6) | 58,586 (58.7) | 98,935 (99.2) |
 Rural | 55,982 (14.0) | 20,943 (21.0) | 2397 (2.4) | 41,164 (41.3) | 813 (0.8) |
Smoking status (%) | |||||
 Never | 227,700 (57.1) | 59,195 (59.3) | 54,593 (54.7) | 59,787 (59.9) | 53,265 (53.4) |
 Previous | 131,114 (32.9) | 31,749 (31.8) | 33,344 (33.4) | 32,536 (32.6) | 33,135 (33.2) |
 Current | 40,179 (10.1) | 8808 (8.8) | 11,810 (11.8) | 7427 (7.4) | 13,348 (13.4) |
Obese (%) | |||||
 Yes | 110,765 (27.8) | 20,755 (20.8) | 20,420 (20.5) | 19,748 (19.8) | 21,832 (21.9) |
 No | 387,917 (97.2) | 78,997 (79.2) | 79,327 (79.5) | 80,002 (80.2) | 77,916 (78.1) |
Physical activity (%) | |||||
 Low | 72,398 (18.1) | 17,204 (17.2) | 17,645 (17.7) | 17,443 (17.5) | 18,077 (18.1) |
 Moderate | 164,071 (41.1) | 40,976 (41.1) | 42,436 (42.5) | 40,854 (41.0) | 41,698 (41.8) |
 High | 162,524 (40.7) | 41,572 (41.7) | 39,666 (39.8) | 41,453 (41.6) | 39,973 (40.1) |
Healthy diet (%) | |||||
 Yes | 284,828 (71.4) | 70,418 (70.6) | 72,492 (72.7) | 72,301 (72.5) | 71,609 (71.8) |
 No | 114,165 (28.6) | 29,334 (29.4) | 27,255 (27.3) | 27,449 (27.5) | 28,139 (28.2) |
Family history of diabetes (%) | |||||
 Yes | 83,680 (21.0) | 19,848 (19.9) | 21,617 (21.7) | 19,748 (19.8) | 22,202 (22.3) |
 No | 315,313 (79.0) | 79,904 (80.1) | 78,130 (78.3) | 80,002 (80.2) | 77,546 (77.7) |
Chronic diseases (%) | |||||
 High cholesterol | 41,841 (10.5) | 9998 (10.0) | 11,129 (11.2) | 9515 (9.5) | 11,518 (11.5) |
 Hypertension | 161,003 (40.4) | 39,475 (39.6) | 38,540 (38.6) | 40,945 (41.0) | 38,778 (38.9) |
 Cancer | 42,225 (10.6) | 10,669 (10.7) | 10,516 (10.5) | 10,900 (10.9) | 10,248 (10.3) |