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Table 2 Associations between air pollution and risk of five progressions of T2D using the multi-state model

From: Ambient air pollution associated with incidence and dynamic progression of type 2 diabetes: a trajectory analysis of a population-based cohort

Transition

Cases

PM10

PM2.5

NOx

NO2

Basic model

 Baseline → T2D

13,393

1.66 (1.63, 1.70)

1.63 (1.60, 1.67)

1.39 (1.37, 1.41)

1.47 (1.44, 1.49)

 T2D → complication

3791

1.14 (1.09, 1.19)

1.09 (1.05, 1.14)

1.11 (1.07, 1.15)

1.16 (1.11, 1.20)

 Baseline → death

17,510

1.54 (1.51, 1.57)

1.52 (1.49, 1.55)

1.33 (1.31, 1.35)

1.39 (1.37, 1.41)

 T2D → death

924

1.43 (1.31, 1.56)

1.51 (1.38, 1.65)

1.22 (1.14, 1.31)

1.27 (1.18, 1.37)

 Complication → death

411

1.49 (1.31, 1.71)

1.57 (1.38, 1.80)

1.39 (1.25, 1.55)

1.44 (1.28, 1.62)

Model 2

 Baseline → T2D

13,393

1.67 (1.63, 1.71)

1.64 (1.61, 1.68)

1.40 (1.38, 1.42)

1.49 (1.46, 1.52)

 T2D → complication

3791

1.13 (1.08, 1.18)

1.08 (1.03, 1.13)

1.10 (1.06, 1.15)

1.15 (1.11, 1.20)

 Baseline → death

17,510

1.51 (1.48, 1.54)

1.50 (1.47, 1.53)

1.32 (1.30, 1.34)

1.39 (1.37, 1.41)

 T2D → death

924

1.42 (1.29, 1.55)

1.50 (1.37, 1.64)

1.22 (1.14, 1.31)

1.28 (1.18, 1.38)

 Complication → death

411

1.45 (1.27, 1.65)

1.53 (1.34, 1.74)

1.35 (1.21, 1.51)

1.41 (1.24, 1.59)

Model 3

 Baseline → T2D

13,393

1.66 (1.62, 1.69)

1.63 (1.59, 1.67)

1.39 (1.37, 1.42)

1.49 (1.46, 1.51)

 T2D → complication

3791

1.13 (1.08, 1.18)

1.08 (1.03, 1.13)

1.10 (1.06, 1.15)

1.15 (1.11, 1.20)

 Baseline → death

17,510

1.51 (1.48, 1.54)

1.50 (1.47, 1.53)

1.32 (1.30, 1.34)

1.39 (1.36, 1.41)

 T2D → death

924

1.41 (1.29, 1.54)

1.49 (1.36, 1.64)

1.22 (1.13, 1.31)

1.27 (1.17, 1.37)

 Complication → death

411

1.46 (1.28, 1.67)

1.54 (1.35, 1.76)

1.36 (1.22, 1.52)

1.42 (1.25, 1.60)

  1. HRs (95% CI) are results for per IQR increase from multi-state models. IQR increase was 3.25 μg/m3 for PM10, 2.31 μg/m3 for PM2.5, 12.43 μg/m3 for NOx, and 7.08 μg/m3 for NO2. All values are statistically significant (p < 0.05)
  2. Basic model was adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity
  3. Model 2 was based on a basic model and additionally adjusted for residential area, smoking status, healthy diet, physical activity, family history of diabetes, obesity, history of hypertension, high cholesterol, and cancer
  4. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, residential area, smoking status, healthy diet, physical activity, and family history of diabetes
  5. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, IQR interquartile