Table 2 Associations between air pollution and risk of five progressions of T2D using the multi-state model

 Baseline → T2D

13,393

1.66 (1.63, 1.70)

1.63 (1.60, 1.67)

1.39 (1.37, 1.41)

1.47 (1.44, 1.49)

 T2D → complication

3791

1.14 (1.09, 1.19)

1.09 (1.05, 1.14)

1.11 (1.07, 1.15)

1.16 (1.11, 1.20)

 Baseline → death

17,510

1.54 (1.51, 1.57)

1.52 (1.49, 1.55)

1.33 (1.31, 1.35)

1.39 (1.37, 1.41)

 T2D → death

924

1.43 (1.31, 1.56)

1.51 (1.38, 1.65)

1.22 (1.14, 1.31)

1.27 (1.18, 1.37)

 Complication → death

411

1.49 (1.31, 1.71)

1.57 (1.38, 1.80)

1.39 (1.25, 1.55)

1.44 (1.28, 1.62)

 Baseline → T2D

13,393

1.67 (1.63, 1.71)

1.64 (1.61, 1.68)

1.40 (1.38, 1.42)

1.49 (1.46, 1.52)

 T2D → complication

3791

1.13 (1.08, 1.18)

1.08 (1.03, 1.13)

1.10 (1.06, 1.15)

1.15 (1.11, 1.20)

 Baseline → death

17,510

1.51 (1.48, 1.54)

1.50 (1.47, 1.53)

1.32 (1.30, 1.34)

1.39 (1.37, 1.41)

 T2D → death

924

1.42 (1.29, 1.55)

1.50 (1.37, 1.64)

1.22 (1.14, 1.31)

1.28 (1.18, 1.38)

 Complication → death

411

1.45 (1.27, 1.65)

1.53 (1.34, 1.74)

1.35 (1.21, 1.51)

1.41 (1.24, 1.59)

 Baseline → T2D

13,393

1.66 (1.62, 1.69)

1.63 (1.59, 1.67)

1.39 (1.37, 1.42)

1.49 (1.46, 1.51)

 T2D → complication

3791

1.13 (1.08, 1.18)

1.08 (1.03, 1.13)

1.10 (1.06, 1.15)

1.15 (1.11, 1.20)

 Baseline → death

17,510

1.51 (1.48, 1.54)

1.50 (1.47, 1.53)

1.32 (1.30, 1.34)

1.39 (1.36, 1.41)

 T2D → death

924

1.41 (1.29, 1.54)

1.49 (1.36, 1.64)

1.22 (1.13, 1.31)

1.27 (1.17, 1.37)

 Complication → death

411

1.46 (1.28, 1.67)

1.54 (1.35, 1.76)

1.36 (1.22, 1.52)

1.42 (1.25, 1.60)