Health-related quality of life among persons with initial mild, moderate, and severe or critical COVID-19 at 1 and 12 months after infection: a prospective cohort study

Table 1 Sociodemographic, clinical (baseline and COVID-19-related) characteristics of RECoVERED study participants

	Mild	Moderate	Severe/critical	P-value
	N=82	N=122	N=65
Sex				0.18
Male	38 (46%)	67 (55%)	40 (62%)
Female	44 (54%)	55 (45%)	25 (38%)
Age (years), mean (SD)	43 (17)	48 (15)	57 (12)	<0.001
BMI category				<0.001
Normal weight	48 (59%)	51 (42%)	14 (22%)
Overweight	21 (26%)	42 (34%)	29 (47%)
Obese	12 (15%)	29 (24%)	16 (31%)
Migration background				<0.001
Dutch origin	61 (75%)	73 (61%)	35 (55%)
OECD high income	11 (14%)	20 (17%)	4 (6%)
OECD low/middle income	9 (11%)	27 (22%)	35 (39%)
Highest level of education				<0.001
None, primary, secondary or vocational training	14 (17%)	51 (42%)	35 (55%)
University education	67 (83%)	70 (58%)	29 (45%)
Number of COVID-19 high-risk comorbidities				0.032
<3	80 (98%)	113 (93%)	56 (86%)
3 or more	2 (2%)	9 (7%)	9 (14%)
COVID-19 high-risk comorbidities
Cardiovascular	11 (13.4%)	31 (25.4%)	30 (46.9%)	0.001
Diabetes mellitus	3 (3.7%)	10 (8.2%)	15 (23.4%)	0.001
Chronic respiratory disease	1 (1.2%)	8 (6.6%)	10 (15.6%)	0.003
Cancer	5 (6.1%)	7 (5.7%)	4 (6.3%)	0.99
Immunodeficiency	0	3 (2.5%)	2 (3.1%)	0.31
Previous psychiatric illness	5 (6.1%)	7 (5.7%)	3 (4.7%)	0.93
Other^a	11 (13.6%)	33 (27.3%	16 (25.0%)	0.064
Hospital admission	3 (4%)	53 (43%)	61 (94%)	<0.001
ICU admission	0	0	32 (49%)	<0.001

Continuous variables presented as mean (standard deviation) and compared using analysis of variance; categorical and binary variables presented as n(%) and compared using the Pearson χ² test (or Fisher exact test if n<5)
Clinical severity groups defined as mild as having a RR<20/min and SpO₂ on room air >94% at both days 0 and 7; moderate disease as having a RR 20–30/min, SpO₂ 90–94% and/or receiving oxygen therapy at day 0 or 7; severe disease as having a RR>30/min or SpO₂ < 90% at day 0 or 7; critical disease as requiring ICU admission
COVID-related comorbidities are based on WHO Clinical Management Guidelines and include: cardiovascular disease (including hypertension), chronic pulmonary disease (excluding asthma), renal disease, liver disease, cancer, immunosuppression (excluding HIV, including previous organ transplantation), previous psychiatric illness and dementia
BMI body mass index, OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, HIC high-income country, LMIC low- or middle-income country, ICU intensive care unit
^aOther includes renal disease, liver disease and dementia

ISSN: 1741-7015