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Table 1 Characteristics of participants with different glucose metabolism status in The Maastricht Studya

From: Plasma metabolomic profiling of dietary patterns associated with glucose metabolism status: The Maastricht Study

Characteristics

Total (n=3441)

Glucose metabolism status

NGM (n=1960)

Prediabetes (n=514)

Type 2 diabetes (n=967)

P†

Women (%)

1689 (49.08)

1135 (57.91)

242 (47.08)

312 (32.26)

<0.001

Ageb, years (mean ± SD)

60.14 ± 8.21

58.32 ± 8.14

61.96 ± 7.66

62.86 ± 7.68

<0.001

Education (%)

    

<0.001

 Low

1144 (33.25)

525 (26.79)

181 (35.21)

438 (45.29)

 

 Middle

929 (27.00)

525 (26.79)

145 (28.21)

259 (26.78)

 High

1301 (37.81)

882 (45.00)

174 (33.85)

245 (25.34)

 Unknown

67 (1.95)

28 (1.43)

14 (2.72)

25 (2.59)

 

Smoking status (%)

    

<0.001

 Never

1190 (34.58)

771 (39.34)

151 (29.38)

268 (27.71)

 

 Former

1774 (51.55)

947 (48.32)

297 (57.78)

530 (54.81)

 Current

433 (12.58)

228 (11.63)

60 (11.67)

145 (14.99)

 Unknown

44 (1.28)

14 (0.72)

6 (1.17)

24 (2.48)

 

Household Income (%)

    

<0.001

 Low

1012 (29.41)

537 (27.40)

154 (29.96)

321 (33.20)

 

 Middle

1384 (40.22)

784 (40.00)

217 (42.22)

383 (39.61)

 

 High

769 (22.35)

533 (27.19)

533 (28.75)

134 (13.86)

 

 Unknown

276 (8.02)

106 (5.41)

41 (7.98)

129 (13.34)

 

History of CVD (%)

595 (17.29)

249 (12.70)

78 (15.18)

268 (27.71)

 

Physical activity (h/week)

12.75 (8.25, 18.25)

13.75 (9.00, 19.25)

13.13 (8.00, 18.25)

11.00 (6.75, 16.75)

<0.001

eGFR, ml min−1 1.73 m−2 (mean ± SD)

79.97 ± 15.65

79.65 ± 14.14

78.88 ± 14.42

81.19 ± 18.82

<0.001

HbA1c (% mmol/mol)

5.6 (5.4, 6.2)

5.4 (5.2, 5.6)

5.7 (5.4, 6.0)

6.6 (6.3, 7.2)

<0.001

Total glucose intake, mmol/L (mean ± SD)

15.21 (10.84, 20.24)

15.79 (11.40, 21.04)

14.88 (10.64, 19.82)

13.89 (9.88, 18.70)

<0.001

BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)

27.06 ± 4.53

25.52 ± 3.57

27.71 ± 4.28

29.90 ± 4.97

<0.001

Lipid-modifying medication (yes)

1,222 (36.00)

337 (17.34)

183 (36.02)

702 (74.52)

<0.001

Daily energy intake, kcal/day (mean ± SD)

2,172.22 ± 603.17

2,176.84 ± 599.66

2195.33 ± 592.22

2146.60 ± 615.93

0.030

Fasting glucose, mmol/L (mean ± SD)

6.04 ± 1.62

5.18 ± 0.42

5.90 ± 0.59

7.89 ± 2.00

<0.001

MED score (range 0–9)

4.52 ± 1.64

4.67 ± 1.67

4.55 ± 1.63

4.22 ± 1.54

<0.001

DASH score (range 8–40)

23.97 ± 4.57

24.30 ± 4.63

23.83 ± 4.57

23.36 ± 4.36

<0.001

DHD score (range 0–140)

83.36 ± 14.73

85.12 ± 14.54

82.50 ± 15.11

79.99 ± 14.42

<0.001

  1. The intervals of glucose metabolism statuses were defined as follows: NGM, fasting plasma glucose <6.1 mmol/L; prediabetes, fasting plasma glucose of 6.1–6.9 mmol/L and no hypoglycaemic medications; type 2 diabetes, fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or hypoglycaemic medications
  2. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant
  3. Abbreviations: NGM normal glucose status, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, kcal kilocalories, MED Mediterranean Diet, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, DHD Dutch Healthy Diet
  4. †P values were calculated by the ANOVA test for continuous variables, or chi-squared test for categorial variables
  5. aBaseline characteristics were expressed with as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or n (%)
  6. bAge at the time of recruitment
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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