Table 2 Factors associated with current smokeless tobacco use among adolescents aged 12–16 years based on the latest available data in 138 countries from 2010 to 2019
Variable | Prevalence (%) | β | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Girls | 3.1 | 1.00 | ||
Boys | 5.7 | 0.230 | 1.26 (1.03–1.53) | 0.024 |
Age group | ||||
12–14 years | 3.9 | 1.00 | ||
15–16 years | 5.4 | 0.167 | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 0.035 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||
No | 3.0 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 14.3 | 0.694 | 2.00 (1.68–2.39) | <0.0001# |
Other tobacco product use | ||||
No | 3.2 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 22.5 | 1.797 | 6.03 (4.92–7.40) | <0.0001# |
Parental smoking status | ||||
Neither | 4.7 | 1.00 | ||
Father only | 4.4 | −0.124 | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.25 |
Mother only | 5.6 | −0.155 | 0.86 (0.75–1.30) | 0.47 |
Both | 9.8 | 0.335 | 1.40 (1.08–1.82) | 0.012 |
Smoking status of closest friends | ||||
None | 4.0 | 1.00 | ||
Some | 5.2 | 0.051 | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) | 0.67 |
Most | 7.6 | 0.090 | 1.09 (0.82–1.46) | 0.54 |
All | 15.2 | 0.431 | 1.54 (1.04–2.28) | 0.031 |
Tobacco advertisement exposure | ||||
No | 3.4 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 4.9 | 0.363 | 1.44 (1.19–1.74) | 0.0002# |
Being offered free tobacco products | ||||
No | 3.6 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 12.1 | 0.696 | 2.01 (1.66–2.42) | <0.0001# |
Being taught about dangers of smoking | ||||
Yes | 4.1 | 1.00 | ||
No | 4.8 | 0.245 | 1.28 (1.09–1.50) | 0.0024# |
World Bank income | ||||
Low income | 4.7 | 1.00 | ||
Lower-middle income | 5.5 | 0.027 | 1.03 (0.65–1.62) | 0.91 |
Upper-middle income | 3.8 | −0.095 | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 0.40 |
High income | 2.8 | −0.657 | 0.52 (0.40–0.68) | <0.0001# |