Associations between types and sources of dietary carbohydrates and cardiovascular disease risk: a prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants

Table 4 Associations for each 5% of energy from free sugars and concentrations of total triglycerides and triglycerides in lipoprotein subclasses in 26,095 UK Biobank participants

Triglycerides	Geometric mean (95% CI), mmol/L	Percentage difference mean concentrations (95% CI)
Total triglycerides	1.142 (1.136, 1.148)	3.04 (2.53, 3.55)
Triglycerides in VLDL	0.760 (0.755, 0.765)	3.77 (3.14, 4.40)
Triglycerides in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL	0.058 (0.057, 0.060)	10.12 (7.51, 12.79)
Triglycerides in very large VLDL	0.073 (0.073, 0.074)	7.36 (6.11, 8.62)
Triglycerides in large VLDL	0.135 (0.134, 0.136)	3.94 (3.21, 4.68)
Triglycerides in medium VLDL	0.241 (0.240, 0.243)	2.61 (2.08, 3.14)
Triglycerides in small VLDL	0.141 (0.140, 0.142)	2.50 (2.03, 2.97)
Triglycerides in very small VLDL	0.064 (0.064, 0.064)	1.86 (1.49, 2.24)
Triglycerides in IDL	0.095 (0.094, 0.095)	1.32 (1.02, 1.63)
Triglycerides in LDL	0.136 (0.136, 0.137)	1.45 (1.12, 1.77)
Triglycerides in large LDL	0.092 (0.092, 0.092)	1.27 (0.97, 1.58)
Triglycerides in medium LDL	0.030 (0.030, 0.030)	1.65 (1.29, 2.00)
Triglycerides in small LDL	0.013 (0.013, 0.013)	2.14 (1.74, 2.55)
Triglycerides in HDL	0.134 (0.133, 0.134)	2.21 (1.80, 2.62)
Triglycerides in large HDL	0.028 (0.028, 0.028)	1.52 (1.01, 2.03)
Triglycerides in medium HDL	0.049 (0.049, 0.050)	2.44 (1.98, 2.89)
Triglycerides in small HDL	0.048 (0.047, 0.048)	2.70 (2.28, 3.12)

Multivariable linear regression models with free sugar intake as an independent variable and triglyceride measurements as dependent variables were adjusted for age at recruitment, sex, recruitment region, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, education, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, menopausal status, SBP, BMI, fruit and vegetable intake, SFA intake, daily energy intake, and fasting status. Full details for each covariate are provided in the statistical analysis section in the main text. Results are expressed as the percentage difference (95% CI) in triglyceride concentrations per 5% higher energy intake from free sugars and were calculated as follows: (e^β−1)*100
P-trend values calculated using continuous intakes were all significant after using false discovery rate to correct for multiple testing. P-trend values ≥0.1 are displayed to two decimal places and P-trend values <0.1 are displayed to three decimal places
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, CI confidence intervals, CVD cardiovascular disease, HDL high-density lipoprotein, IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure, SFA saturated fatty acid, VLDL very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

ISSN: 1741-7015