Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the study populations (total sample size = 33,879)

Sample size

33,879

908

4,899

21,693

6,379

-

Age (years)

66.19 ± 8.00

73.93 ± 5.93

68.50 ± 8.40

64.57 ± 7.54

68.81 ± 7.67

<0.001^a

Sex (male %)

15,332 (45%)

800 (88%)

2271 (46%)

12,117 (56%)

2685 (42%)

<0.001^b

BMI (kg/m²)

24.47 ± 3.06

25.30 ± 2.89

24.85 ± 3.19

24.33 ± 3.02

24.57 ± 3.12

<0.001^a

DM (%)

11,376 (34%)

777 (86%)

1916 (39%)

7158 (33%)

1525 (24%)

<0.001^b

Hypertension (%)

10,715 (32%)

752 (83%)

1803 (37%)

6,116 (28%)

2044 (32%)

<0.001^b

HbA1c (%)

6.09 ± 1.04

7.63 ± 1.74

6.22 ± 1.17

6.05 ± 1.03

5.94 ± 0.85

<0.001^a

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.93 ± 0.42

1.61 ± 1.60

1.01 ± 0.47

0.86 ± 0.39

1.00 ± 0.34

<0.001^a

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

76.18 ± 16.80

56.12 ± 22.47

67.25 ± 15.12

82.10 ± 18.24

65.78 ± 12.40

<0.001^a

Uric acid (mg/dL)

4.98 ± 1.38

5.74 ± 1.55

5.10 ± 1.45

4.92 ± 1.34

5.01 ± 1.43

<0.001^a

Proteinuria

<0.001^b

 No

29,690 (88%)

491 (54%)

4651 (95%)

19,726 (91%)

4822 (76%)

-

 Yes

2425 (7%)

403 (44%)

185 (4%)

1549 (7%)

288 (5%)

-

MLR group (%)

<0.001^b

 Normal

15,664 (46%)

72 (8%)

1968 (40%)

10,518 (49%)

3106 (49%)

-

 Only DM

8844 (26%)

330 (36%)

1459 (30%)

5978 (28%)

1077 (17%)

-

 Only CKD

6839 (20%)

59 (7%)

1015 (21%)

4017 (18%)

1748 (27%)

-

 DKD

2532 (8%)

447 (49%)

457 (9%)

1180 (5%)

448 (7%)

-