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Fig. 2 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 2

From: The effect of maternal BMI, smoking and alcohol on congenital heart diseases: a Mendelian randomisation study

Fig. 2

Forest plots showing the Mendelian randomisation results for genetically predicted maternal body mass index (A), any smoking (GRS generated using a GWAS of a lifetime smoking index: B), and any alcohol consumption (GRS generated using a GWAS of drinks per week: C) with offspring congenital heart disease. Odds ratios (ORs) of CHD for a 1SD difference in maternal GRS in each study and pooled across studies using random effects meta-analysis. Adjusted for top 10 genetic principal components in all cohorts with additional adjustment for genetic chip, genetic batch, and imputation batch in MoBa. Abbreviations: ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; BiB, Born in Bradford; MoBa, Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CHD, congenital heart disease; SD, standard deviation; GRS, genetic risk score

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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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